{
  "abstract": "After the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, surveillance was reduced and serological monitoring became crucial to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infections. We estimated infection incidence in the Netherlands during 2023–2024 using repeated serological sampling. We used data from randomly-selected Dutch citizens aged 2-92 years that participated in the nationwide seroepidemiological PIENTER-Corona cohort study. Blood samples were collected thirteen times since April 2020 including four times in the period April 2023–October 2024 and tested for IgG antibodies against Spike-S1 (S1) and Nucleoprotein (N). Infections were identified through anti-N and/or anti-S1 (if not vaccinated) seroconversion or ≥ 4-fold increase, and self-reported positive tests. We estimated the weighted infection incidence (≥1) in 2023–2024 (N = 4261) and total infection count by October 2024 (N = 4574) in the Dutch population, overall and stratified by age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities and healthcare profession. Between April 2023 and October 2024, the weighted infection incidence was 59.1% [56.8–61.4]; 55.4% was infected once and 3.7% was infected twice or more. Higher infection rates were seen in 30-60 year-olds (ranging 63.3–68.5%), those without comorbidities (62.0%) and those not working in healthcare (62.9%). By October 2024, the median infection count since the start of the pandemic was two; 21.9% had experienced one infection, 50.0% had two and 24.3% had three or more infections. A significant proportion (∼60%) of the Dutch population was infected with SARS-CoV-2 at least once in this 1.5-year post-pandemic period, with incidence varying between sociodemographic groups. These results highlight the importance of serological data to monitor and establish infection incidence in the absence of large-scale testing policies. This information is vital for evaluating disease burden.\n\nKey messages: • Approximately 60% of the Dutch population experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 1.5 year post-pandemic period between April 2023 and October 2024.\n\n• When large-scale testing is unavailable, serological data are crucial for monitoring and establishing infection incidence, and provide essential information for evaluating disease burden.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "abstract",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "CCE Van Hagen"
    },
    {
      "name": "ERA Vos"
    },
    {
      "name": "HE De Melker"
    },
    {
      "name": "D Wong"
    },
    {
      "name": "G Den Hartog"
    },
    {
      "name": "FRM Van der Klis"
    },
    {
      "name": "S Van den Hof"
    },
    {
      "name": "MJ Knol"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/41gzdpxx0sws8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.517",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13698260/",
  "id": "41gzdpxx0sws8",
  "issns": [
    "1101-1262",
    "1464-360X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.517",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "3. PARALLEL PROGRAMME"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00860"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC01210"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC02610"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223710187",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13698260/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13698260",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/41gzdpxx0sws8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:10Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13698260",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.517"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13698260",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13698260"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Post-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence: a Dutch prospective seroepidemiological cohort study",
  "title_text": "Post-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence: a Dutch prospective seroepidemiological cohort study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/41gzdpxx0sws8",
  "venue": "The European Journal of Public Health",
  "versions": []
}