{
  "abstract": "Background: Food sensory stimulation may influence eating behavior, but the effects of different stimulation patterns have not been systematically compared.\n\nObjective: To quantify the effects of food sensory stimulation on insulin release, salivary secretion, appetite, and food intake, and compare the efficacy of those sensory modalities.\n\nMethods: We systematically searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Embase) for controlled human studies comparing visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, modified sham-feeding, or multisensory stimulation. Studies without an eligible comparator or relevant outcome were excluded. RCTs and non-RCTs were synthesized separately using random-effects meta-analysis when compatible numerical data were available and otherwise summarized qualitatively.\n\nResults: We included 22 reports comprising 24 studies (6 RCTs, 18 non-RCTs) and 1008 adults (413 men, 595 women). Participants were predominantly healthy; two cohorts were women with obesity. The oldest cohort had a mean age of 72.4 years. RCTs showed increased salivary secretion (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI [0.64, 1.45], P < 0.0001) but no clear overall effect on food intake (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI [−0.25, 0.88], P = 0.2742). Insulin release and appetite were each assessed in one RCT and synthesized narratively. Non-RCTs indicated increases in insulin release (SMD = 0.95, 95% CI [0.24, 1.66], P = 0.0088), salivary secretion (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI [0.38, 1.18], P = 0.0002), appetite (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI [0.29, 0.79], P < 0.0001), and food intake (SMD = 0.19, 95% CI [0.02, 0.35], P = 0.0282).\n\nConclusion: RCT evidence suggests that food sensory stimulation increases salivary secretion but has uncertain effect on food intake. Non-RCT evidence indicates potential benefits across all four outcomes, although evidence for insulin release and appetite is limited. Further well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm these effects and clarify differences between sensory modalities.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Radiotherapy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China",
    "Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chunyan Niu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jianzheng Cai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhina Gong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yinuo Dai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Weixia Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jingjing Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haifang Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yingying Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/423b0tjmg5cnv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jnha.2026.101011",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13722075/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "423b0tjmg5cnv",
  "issns": [
    "1760-4788",
    "1279-7707"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13722075",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2807|Regulation of Appetite and Obesity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223677694",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13722075/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13722075",
  "pmid": "42933112",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/423b0tjmg5cnv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13722075",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13722075"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:22:39Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13722075",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2026.101011"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2807|Regulation of Appetite and Obesity",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The relative efficacy of sensory modalities in driving insulin release, salivary secretion, appetite, and food intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "The relative efficacy of sensory modalities in driving insulin release, salivary secretion, appetite, and food intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:22:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/423b0tjmg5cnv",
  "venue": "The journal of nutrition, health & aging",
  "versions": []
}