{
  "abstract": "Managing early-onset type 1 diabetes requires balancing glycaemic control with developmental milestones. The relationship between cumulative glycaemic exposure and auxological outcomes in children has not been well characterised using time-weighted haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Objective: This study explored the longitudinal association between time-weighted average HbA1c and changes in height-for-age, weight-for-age, and body mass index z-scores among children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study included children aged 2-14 years with type 1 diabetes and ≥18 months of follow-up (n=200). The primary exposure was time-weighted average HbA1c. Outcomes were changes in height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), and BMI z-score (BMI-z). Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, insulin regimen, and pubertal status. Results: Mean age was 9.5 ± 2.8 years, with 105 (52.5%) female subjects. Mean diabetes duration was 4.8 ± 3.2 years. A significant negative association was found between time-weighted average HbA1c and ΔHAZ (β = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.26 to -0.04, p < 0.01). Positive associations were identified with ΔWAZ (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.15, p<0.05) and ΔBMI-z (β = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03-0.17, p<0.01). At baseline, suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c > 7.5%) was present in 116 (58.0%) of participants. The negative effect on HAZ was most pronounced in children with a diabetes duration >5 years (β = -0.22, p = 0.003) and in those with a baseline HbA1c >9% (β = -0.28, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Lower time-weighted HbA1c, reflecting early and sustained glycaemic control, is associated with enhanced linear growth and a more favourable weight profile in children with type 1 diabetes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Paediatric Endocrinology, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR.",
    "Paediatrics, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR.",
    "Endocrinology, Queen Rania Children's Hospital, Amman, JOR.",
    "Paediatric Surgery, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman, JOR.",
    "Endocrinology and Diabetes, King Hussein Medical City, Amman, JOR.",
    "Paediatric Endocrinology, King Hussein Medical City, Amman, JOR."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fadi Ayyash"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sondos Harahshih"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hadeel Alqurieny"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Asmaa M Al Quraan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Waed Itewi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aseel Nimri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Osama Al Fanek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Saif Batarseh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Abdelrazaq A Al-Yasin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/42w5a7gt4wct6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.117044",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13714593",
  "id": "42w5a7gt4wct6",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953436",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Endocrinology/Diabetes/Metabolism"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Pediatrics"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Diabetes Management and Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214675329",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13714593?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714593",
  "pmid": "42953436",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": "Cureus Inc.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/42w5a7gt4wct6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953436",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953436"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:22:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13714593",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117044"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Pediatrics",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association Between Time-Weighted Haemoglobin A1c and Longitudinal Changes in Growth Parameters Among Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.",
  "title_text": "Association Between Time-Weighted Haemoglobin A1c and Longitudinal Changes in Growth Parameters Among Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:22:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/42w5a7gt4wct6",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}