{
  "abstract": "Traction, suspension and guidance are characteristics of core electromagnetic performance of high-speed maglev. When the vehicle passes through curves or uneven ground, it is prone to generating significant three-dimensional (3-D) force fluctuations, which have a significant impact on the safety and stability of the maglev. This paper will discuss the effects of transient motion states on the suspension force, traction force and guidance force of maglev. First, general topology and 3-D distribution of electromagnetic forces of system is described. Then, force expressions in 3-D state are developed analytically taking into account the body translation and rotation. Lastly, the variation of force during the roll, pitch and lateral deviation under conditions are tested. The relevant conclusions indicate that the multi-degree-of-freedom motion of the vehicle will change the fluctuation values of 3-D electromagnetic forces, necessitating a magnetic levitation power device with a relatively large electromagnetic stiffness value, the design of a magnetic levitation power device requires a relatively large electromagnetic stiffness value.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, China",
    "School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiujiang Polytechnic University of Science and Technology, Jiujiang, China",
    "State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Research InstituteTaiyuan, China",
    "School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Huaimiao Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yuxin Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bo Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yaohua Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Baolong Yu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhixuan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lei Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mingyuan Hu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/43cbat4hhcqez.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361708",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "43cbat4hhcqez",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361708",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Electrical engineering/Electrical circuits"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Material properties/Mechanical properties/Stiffness"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials/Superconductors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Applied mathematics/Finite element analysis"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Continuum mechanics/Fluid mechanics/Fluid dynamics/Drag"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Motion/Torque"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed matter physics/Magnetism/Magnetic fields"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Electricity/Electromagnetics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/43cbat4hhcqez.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361708",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361708"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "plos:materials science",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "plos:condensed matter physics",
      "subfield": "condensed-matter"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "plos:fluid dynamics",
      "subfield": "fluid-dynamics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three-dimensional characteristics analysis of maglev train with rotating operation conditions",
  "title_text": "Three-dimensional characteristics analysis of maglev train with rotating operation conditions",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/43cbat4hhcqez",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}