{
  "abstract": "The clinical role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a biomarker in cardio-oncology remains uncertain. This study evaluated baseline Gal-3 concentrations and their associations with established cardiac biomarkers, left ventricular systolic function, and HFA-ICOS cardiovascular risk categories in patients with breast cancer before anthracycline-based chemotherapy. This cross-sectional baseline analysis included 103 patients enrolled in the EMPACT trial. Gal-3 concentrations were evaluated in relation to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS), HFA-ICOS risk categories, and clinical characteristics. Associations were assessed using Pearson correlation analyses and median regression. Mean baseline Gal-3 concentration was 6.3 ± 2.7 ng/mL. Gal-3 was positively correlated with hs-cTnT (r = 0.384, p < 0.001) and NT-proBNP (r = 0.278, p = 0.006), but not significantly correlated with LVEF or GLS. Gal-3 concentrations did not differ significantly across HFA-ICOS risk categories (p = 0.237). Patients aged ≥65 years had higher Gal-3 concentrations than younger patients (7.1 ± 2.8 vs. 5.7 ± 2.5 ng/mL, p = 0.003). In multivariable median regression, age was the only variable significantly associated with Gal-3 among the covariates included in the model (β = 0.82 ng/mL per 10-year increase, 95% CI 0.21–1.43, p = 0.009). Associations with hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP were no longer statistically significant after adjustment. In patients with breast cancer before anthracycline therapy, baseline Gal-3 concentrations were associated with age after multivariable adjustment, whereas associations with established cardiac biomarkers were attenuated. No significant associations were observed with LVEF or GLS, and Gal-3 concentrations did not differ significantly across HFA-ICOS risk categories in unadjusted analyses.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Non-Commercial Clinical Research Outpatient Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Department of Cancer & Cardio-Oncology Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, The Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Digital Medicine Center, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Cancer Biomarker and Cytokines Laboratory Unit, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Department of Brest Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-(Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anna Borowiec",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4865-652X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Patrycja Ozdowska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Agnieszka Maria Zebrowska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Magdalena Rosinska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Agata Makowka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Beata Puton"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Katarzyna Pogoda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Zbigniew Nowecki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Nicola Maurea",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3704-0092"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Beata Kotowicz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44rjag18bv7hr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms272110020",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "44rjag18bv7hr",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/10020",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-09",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44rjag18bv7hr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:22:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms272110020",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/10020"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Baseline Galectin-3 in Patients with Breast Cancer Scheduled for Anthracycline Therapy: Associations with Cardiac Biomarkers, Left Ventricular Function, and HFA-ICOS Risk Stratification",
  "title_text": "Baseline Galectin-3 in Patients with Breast Cancer Scheduled for Anthracycline Therapy: Associations with Cardiac Biomarkers, Left Ventricular Function, and HFA-ICOS Risk Stratification",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:22:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44rjag18bv7hr",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}