{
  "abstract": "Understanding the turbulent structure of molecular clouds is essential for linking galactic environment to the regulation of star formation. Although Galactic molecular clouds have been studied extensively, extending turbulence-mode analysis beyond the Milky Way remains challenging because of the limited spatial resolution and dynamic range of extragalactic observations. We assess the applicability of the Brunt & Federrath (2014; BF14) framework to molecular clouds in M33. We apply BF14 to 128 $^{13}$CO(2–1) clouds, selecting a primary quality-controlled sample of 54 clouds and a more restrictive 25-cloud subsample defined using a stricter extraction-padding criterion (PAD = 2) for quantitative analysis. Tests of cloud and noise power spectra, Fourier-space cutoffs, extraction padding, and Monte Carlo uncertainties demonstrate that the retained spatial frequencies are dominated by astrophysical signal and that the inferred turbulence-mode fractions are robust against reasonable analysis choices. Both samples yield consistent distributions of the solenoidal fraction, with mean values of $R \\simeq 0.22$ for both samples and median values of $R \\simeq 0.18$ and 0.17, respectively, indicating that compressive motions dominate the turbulent energy budget. No strong systematic variations of R are found with galactocentric distance or tracers of recent star formation. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenging spatial resolution of current extragalactic molecular-line observations, the BF14 framework can be applied reliably to nearby galaxies using spectroscopic observations alone. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first application of the full BF14 formalism to extragalactic molecular-cloud observations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University , General Building II, NTHU, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013 ,",
    "Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 ,",
    "Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578 ,",
    "Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF ,",
    "Global Banking School, Universal Square , Devonshire Street North, Manchester M12 6JH ,",
    "Armagh Observatory and Planetarium , College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DB ,",
    "Subatomic Physics Research Group, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University , 69/68 Dang Thuy Tram Street, Binh Loi Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 70000 ,",
    "Faculty of Applied Technology, Van Lang School of Technology, Van Lang University , 69/68 Dang Thuy Tram Street, Binh Loi Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 70000 ,",
    "Center of Astronomy and Gravitation, National Taiwan Normal University , 88, Section 4, Ting-Chou Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei 116 ,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Raffaele Rani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ayu Konishi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4098-8100"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kazuyuki Muraoka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3373-6538"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Toby J T Moore"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "David J Eden",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5881-3229"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Karan Fernandes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Yueh-Ning Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3497-2329"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Ping Lai"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44w8v30xe0whg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/mnras/stag1932",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "44w8v30xe0whg",
  "issns": [
    "0035-8711",
    "1365-2966"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1932/8907358",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221366660",
  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1932/71838600/stag1932.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-10",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44w8v30xe0whg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1093/mnras/stag1932",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1932/8907358"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Turbulence modes in molecular clouds in M33: a challenging test of the Brunt–Federrath framework",
  "title_text": "Turbulence modes in molecular clouds in M33: a challenging test of the Brunt–Federrath framework",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/44w8v30xe0whg",
  "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
  "versions": []
}