{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: To determine whether prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) independently predicts diabetic retinopathy (DR) in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Adults aged ≥40 years with newly diagnosed T2DM were identified after a 7-year washout period. After 1:1 propensity score matching on age and sex, the analytical cohort comprised 38,812 patients per group. Results: After full covariate adjustment, prior CVD was not independently associated with any DR (HR, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.04; p = 0.262), NPDR (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98–1.03; p = 0.605), PDR (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.95–1.06; p = 0.835), or VTDR (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95–1.06; p = 0.893). Fine–Gray models, accounting for higher all-cause mortality in the prior CVD group after matching (25.2% vs. 22.1%), revealed slightly lower sHR for any DR (sHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95–0.99; p = 0.014) and NPDR (sHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94–0.99; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Prior CVD was not independently associated with incident DR. The lower sHRs may partly reflect competing mortality and should not be interpreted as DR protection. Overall, CVD history was not a criterion for intensified DR screening.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Myongji Medical Foundation, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Pre-Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea",
    "Biostatistics Laboratory, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Eye Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China",
    "Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangzhou 510080, China",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea",
    "Mediwhale Inc., Seoul 06049, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jung Soo Yoon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jiyeong Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7969-1419"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Lei Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dongjin Nam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Sunjin Hwang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-5142-8334"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45sa4ms9gys5q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218544",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "45sa4ms9gys5q",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8544",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45sa4ms9gys5q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:21:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218544",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8544"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prior Cardiovascular Disease and Incident Diabetic Retinopathy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
  "title_text": "Prior Cardiovascular Disease and Incident Diabetic Retinopathy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45sa4ms9gys5q",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}