{
  "abstract": "Ischemic stroke initiates a well-established sterile inflammatory response in injured brain tissue. Experimental studies report post-stroke intestinal barrier and mucosal changes, viable bacterial dissemination to peripheral compartments in selected animal models, and microbiota-associated material in ischemic brain tissue. Human cohorts associate gut community or metabolite profiles with infection and clinical outcomes, while microbiome-based models predict stroke-associated pneumonia or functional outcomes. These observations differ in signal identity, sampling time, source tracing, and measured destination. Gut-to-periphery dissemination in one model does not establish that brain-associated signals are viable or intestinal in origin; oral, airway, aspiration-related, infectious, and other peripheral sources remain plausible. This narrative Review synthesizes human and experimental evidence across five connected links: anatomical source, molecular identity, transport route, receptor or sensing cell, and tissue consequence. We distinguish transport from recognition and source attribution from causal-role assignment. Current evidence supports context-dependent intestinal participation and established brain-derived damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling, but not a universal gut-to-brain causal cascade. We outline longitudinal source-to-target sampling, barrier and exposure measurements, signal-specific tracing, and timed perturbation to test each link.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine",
    "Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong",
    "Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan",
    "Encephalopathy Acupuncture Center 2, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinwei Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wanyi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zeyu Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhengyuan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Linlin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zelin Chen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45tgkfnx4sbhr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725821/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "45tgkfnx4sbhr",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222928574",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725821",
  "pmid": "42973972",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45tgkfnx4sbhr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13725821",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725821"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973972",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973972"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:16Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13725821",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986786"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Gut microbiota and health",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Source-aware microbial–host signaling after ischemic stroke: evidence, competing origins, and causal roles",
  "title_text": "Source-aware microbial–host signaling after ischemic stroke: evidence, competing origins, and causal roles",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:55Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/45tgkfnx4sbhr",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}