{
  "abstract": "Problem. Cell-to-cell internal-resistance dispersion is amplified at sub-zero temperatures and is widely regarded as the root cause of pack-level capacity loss and lifetime divergence. Countermeasures converge on one idea: eliminate the dispersion—active balancing, external preheating, and stringent dual-parameter sorting (capacity and resistance). A reversed proposition has been largely overlooked: in a series string, where current is common, resistance dispersion itself drives a passive self-homogenization mechanismthe highest-resistance cell dissipates the most Joule heat, warms the most, and its resistance drops the most, so it “catches up” with its lower-resistance neighbours. Challenge. All existing evidence for this mechanism is phenomenological simulation. Three fundamental questions lack analytical answers: Is the observed compression a physical necessity or a parameter coincidence? How large is it, and is there a simple scaling law? Does it converge in a real pack with inter-cell thermal diffusion? Contributions. Under three explicit assumptions we establish: (i) a self-homogenization theorem—the operating relative resistance dispersion is compressed by 1/(1+Λ) ∈ (0,1], whose sign is locked solely by 𝜕R/𝜕T<0 and is therefore independent of parameter values and implementation; (ii) a first-order saturation law flat% = Λ/(1+Λ)—exact in the pure-resistance channel (zero capacity dispersion), predicting the equalization magnitude from the single parameter Λ = 𝛽ꞏΔT̄ (15.2% predicted vs 16.2% simulated at the baseline cell, Δ = 1.0 pp), together with a two-channel superposition formula for the general case and an honest disclosure of the quantitative gap between the first-order estimate and simulation (8.6% vs 16.2%, attributed to the convexity of the cut-off map); (iii) asymptotic stability within the linearized modelwith inter-cell thermal diffusion the coupled thermo-electric ODE has a diagonally dominant Jacobian with all-negative eigenvalues, so self-equalization is an eigenstate of the linear system. The theory further yields an analytic left-boundary criterion for the operating sweet spot (ΔT̄≥ 0.176/𝛽) and explains why sodium-ion cells are the largest beneficiaries.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Bo Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "杨博 杨",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4254-9505"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/48nss2d7emz9j.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15011110/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "48nss2d7emz9j",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011110/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2203|Advanced Battery Technologies Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223903334",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011110/v1",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/48nss2d7emz9j.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15011110",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011110/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "source:chemrxiv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Passive Self-Homogenization in Series-Connected Battery Packs: A Structural Theorem, a First-Order Saturation Law, and Linearized Stability",
  "title_text": "Passive Self-Homogenization in Series-Connected Battery Packs: A Structural Theorem, a First-Order Saturation Law, and Linearized Stability",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/48nss2d7emz9j",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}