{
  "abstract": "The growing demand for natural cosmetic ingredients has increased interest in plant-derived extracts with multifunctional biological properties. In this study, oil-in-water (O/W) cosmetic emulsions containing Pinus nigra needle extracts obtained by different extraction methods (Soxhlet, reflux, hot oil maceration, and cold oil maceration) and a commercially available essential oil were developed and comprehensively characterized. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical stability (pH, viscosity, and color), total phenolic content (TPC), taxifolin content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tyrosinase activities, as well as taxifolin permeability using the Skin-PAMPA model. Water-based extracts, particularly the reflux extract, exhibited the highest TPC (8.02 ± 0.63 mg GAE/mL cream), while formulations containing water extracts demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity (79.72 ± 5.38% (reflux) and 76.78 ± 4.36% (soxhlet) DPPH inhibition). In contrast, oil-based extracts showed higher anti-inflammatory activity, with hyaluronidase inhibition reaching 85.25 ± 0.89%, and enhanced taxifolin permeability (50.56 ± 2.82 × 10−6 cm/s). Principal component analysis indicated a positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activity (r = 0.806), whereas permeability was negatively correlated with TPC and antioxidant activity but positively associated with oil-based formulations. All emulsions exhibited satisfactory physicochemical stability during storage. Different extraction approaches were associated with distinct chemical and functional profiles of the resulting P. nigra-based cosmetic emulsions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece",
    "Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nikolaos Bikiaris",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0751-2802"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0418-9336"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Judyta Cielecka-Piontek",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0891-5419"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nikolaos Nikolaidis"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4995y99m66bs7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27198877",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664886",
  "id": "4995y99m66bs7",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/19/8877",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2708|Skin Protection and Aging"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220733459",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13664886?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664886",
  "pmid": "42884119",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4995y99m66bs7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:55Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27198877",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/19/8877"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42884119",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42884119"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2708|Skin Protection and Aging",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development of Cosmetic Emulsions Enriched with Pinus nigra Extracts Prepared by Different Extraction Approaches: Physicochemical Stability, Biological Activity and Taxifolin Permeability",
  "title_text": "Development of Cosmetic Emulsions Enriched with Pinus nigra Extracts Prepared by Different Extraction Approaches: Physicochemical Stability, Biological Activity and Taxifolin Permeability",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4995y99m66bs7",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}