{
  "abstract": "Evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interactions (PPIs) reveal fundamental biological processes. However, predicting protein function solely from these interactions provides an incomplete picture of biological systems. Computational methods for predicting PPIs often struggle due to limited functional annotations in databases, making it difficult to fully understand unique biological systems. This study introduces ContextMirror2.0 (CM2.0), a coevolution-based method designed to address these limitations. Coevolutionary approaches, unlike supervised machine learning methods, do not rely on labelled datasets, proving valuable in addressing the scarcity of data for species-specific PPIs. Around 40% of CM2.0’s top-1000 predicted PPIs for E. coli, S. enterica, and S. aureus are supported by experimental PPI databases. However, comparative analysis of the resulting functional communities further revealed both highly conserved interaction patterns and species-specific interactions. CM2.0 leverages coevolutionary information at the phylogenetic level to explore protein interaction dynamics and understand the functional consequences of species-specific variations. This information can inform further studies on the emergence of novel functions, adaptation to specific environments, and the development of targeted therapies. Author summary: Predicting how proteins interact is essential for understanding how cells work, yet most protein–protein interactions remain unknown, particularly in bacteria and other less-studied organisms. ContextMirror 2.0 is an improved version of our unsupervised computational method that detects functional relationships between proteins by comparing how their evolutionary histories change across thousands of species. Unlike machine-learning and structure-based predictors, ContextMirror 2.0 does not require training data or detailed structural information, making it suitable for analyzing complete proteomes. We applied the method to three bacterial species and found that it accurately recovers many known interactions and identifies new, species-specific protein communities that suggest potential biological functions. We also tested its performance using several benchmarking strategies, including both balanced and realistically imbalanced datasets, and showed that it consistently enriches true interactions above random expectation. Because it is scalable and interpretable, ContextMirror 2.0 can help researchers explore poorly characterized proteomes and guide future experimental studies of protein function and interaction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Computational Biology Group, Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain",
    "Evolutionary Systems Biophysics Group, Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain",
    "Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain",
    "European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miguel Fernandez-Martin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Camila Pontes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Victoria Ruiz-Serra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Alfonso Valencia"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4a7d4gabqy96q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014839",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014839",
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  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein interactions"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Protein interactions/Protein-protein interactions"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteins/Proteomes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Proteomics/Protein interaction networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Salmonella/Salmonella enterica"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus aureus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Enterobacteriaceae/Escherichia/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Enterobacteriaceae/Salmonella/Salmonella enterica"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Gut bacteria/Escherichia/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus aureus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Species interactions"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Network analysis/Protein interaction networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Salmonella/Salmonella enterica"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Salmonella/Salmonella enterica"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Staphylococcus/Staphylococcus aureus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Model organisms/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Prokaryotic models/Escherichia coli"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Model organisms/Escherichia coli"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014839&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4a7d4gabqy96q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014839",
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      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014839"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:microbiology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
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  ],
  "title": "Sequence-based coevolutionary prediction of species-specific interactomes",
  "title_text": "Sequence-based coevolutionary prediction of species-specific interactomes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:20:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4a7d4gabqy96q",
  "venue": "PLOS Computational Biology",
  "versions": []
}