{
  "abstract": "Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the second most common malignant cancer of the male urological system. BLCA is characterized by a high rate of recurrence. Capsaicin is increasingly being used in cancer treatment. This study analyzed the inhibitory effects of capsaicin on cell invasiveness and examined whether capsaicin enhances the chemosensitivity of BLCA. High concentrations of capsaicin induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Co-administration of capsaicin with various chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin, epirubicin, and mitomycin C) increased cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. At lower concentrations, capsaicin effectively inhibited cell invasiveness by downregulating MMP11 expression. Mechanistically, capsaicin suppressed MMP11 expression through the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor and the p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Jun signaling pathway. Functional analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expression level of MMP11 and various ontogenetic properties of BLCA. MMP11 expression was positively correlated with clinical staging, muscle-invasive bladder cancer, lymphatic metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with BLCA. These findings suggest that MMP11 has potential as a clinical prognostic marker for BLCA. Finally, capsaicin demonstrated significant tumor growth suppression and enhanced chemosensitivity in vivo. Taken together, capsaicin may promote apoptosis, inhibit cell invasion in vitro, and suppress tumor growth in vivo. Combining capsaicin with first-line chemotherapeutic drugs may enhance their efficacy against BLCA, and therefore, which indicates that capsaicin has promise as a clinical medication.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111045, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242062, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical University, New Taipei, 252005, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Division of Sports Medicine & Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, 104217, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Translational Medicine Center, Research Department, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111045, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 413305, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical University, New Taipei, 252005, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807378, Taiwan, ROC.",
    "Translational Medicine Center, Research Department, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111045, Taiwan, ROC. annone3212@tmu.edu.tw.",
    "Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC. annone3212@tmu.edu.tw.",
    "School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan, ROC. annone3212@tmu.edu.tw."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Te-Fu Tsai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Hao-Chiun Chang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yen-You Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Yen-Chen Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Win-Ping Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Thomas I-Sheng Hwang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kuang-Yu Chou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Chao-Yen Ho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hung-En Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11,
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Chih-Hsin Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14,
        15
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Wei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16,
        17,
        18
      ],
      "name": "An-Chen Chang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4aes7pfbz3g66.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12935-026-04397-x",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685141",
  "id": "4aes7pfbz3g66",
  "issns": [
    "1475-2867"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908026",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QH573-671"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "RC254-282"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments"
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  "openalex": "W7170848002",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685141?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13685141",
  "pmid": "42908026",
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4aes7pfbz3g66.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:59Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42908026",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908026"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:46:19Z",
      "native_id": "2cb8bf4dad404e05a72a58ccb1fc0348",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-026-04397-x"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Capsaicin enhances chemosensitivity and mitigates MMP11-driven aggressiveness in human bladder cancer.",
  "title_text": "Capsaicin enhances chemosensitivity and mitigates MMP11-driven aggressiveness in human bladder cancer.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:46:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4aes7pfbz3g66",
  "venue": "Cancer cell international",
  "versions": []
}