{
  "abstract": "Tibolone, a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic activity, is widely prescribed for menopausal symptoms, but its association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Using data from 117,271 women aged ≥ 45 years in the Korean National Health Insurance Service–Health Screening Cohort, we evaluated tibolone use between 2003 and 2007 and identified incident HCC from 2009 through 2019, implementing a 1‐year lag period. Participants were propensity score–matched (1:10) by demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors. During a median 11‐year follow‐up, women with ≥ 180 cumulative days of tibolone use showed a higher HCC risk compared with non‐users (hazard ratio [HR], 1.88; 95% CI, 1.07–3.29), which persisted after adjustment for key covariates (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.74; 95% CI, 0.99–3.06). A dose–response trend was observed (P for trend = 0.043). These findings suggest a possible link between sustained tibolone use and HCC risk, warranting confirmation in larger populations and longer follow‐up, ideally through well‐designed prospective studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea",
    "Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea",
    "Department of Medicine CHA University School of Medicine Pocheon South Korea",
    "Department of Biomedical Informatics Korea University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea",
    "Department of Family Medicine Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul South Korea",
    "Department of Family Medicine Seoul National University Hospital Seoul South Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "brief report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jimin Lee",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-5618-1888"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hye Jun Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sun Jae Park"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sangwoo Park"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jina Chung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiwon Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ju Hyun Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Seogsong Jeong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Hyun‐Young Shin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Sang Min Park",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7498-4829"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4b9wnkjevejx9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/ijc.70725",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13729920/",
  "id": "4b9wnkjevejx9",
  "issns": [
    "0020-7136",
    "1097-0215"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70725",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Cancer Epidemiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "SHORT REPORT"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Short Report"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204987374",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ijc.70725",
  "pmcid": "PMC13729920",
  "pmid": "42681541",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4b9wnkjevejx9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:22:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13729920",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70725"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tibolone Use Associated With Elevated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: Findings From a Nationwide Cohort",
  "title_text": "Tibolone Use Associated With Elevated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: Findings From a Nationwide Cohort",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:22:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4b9wnkjevejx9",
  "venue": "International Journal of Cancer",
  "versions": []
}