{
  "abstract": "Degree-day methods are essential for estimating building heating and cooling energy demands. We investigate the sensitivity of cooling and heating degree-day models, CDD26 and HDD18, at national and regional scales across mainland China. Non-observational datasets overestimate national heating demand while severely underestimating cooling demand. Compared with current building codes, substituting estimation indicators and calculation models amplifies national cooling demand by 29.7%–100.6%, whereas national heating demand variations are −5.6% to 1.8%. Estimation methods prominently affect cooling demand in hot-summer zones, fundamentally reshaping the cooling energy structures of HSCWZ and CZ. While heating demand in warmer zones exhibits higher sensitivity to estimation indicators and calculation models, this sensitivity does not alter their overarching heating energy structures. Structurally, ASHRAE’s T avg formulation increases indicator variability, whereas UKMO mitigates this variability but systematically inflates CDD26 and HDD18. T avg benchmarking paired with asymmetric T max and T min dominant coefficients structurally control degree-day sensitivity across calculation models.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing 401147, China; Geleshan National Climate Observatory, Chongqing 401147, China; Chongqing Climate Center, Chongqing 401147, China",
    "Centre for Climate-Resilient and Low-Carbon Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Corresponding author",
    "Department of Architecture, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117356, Singapore",
    "Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China",
    "Jangho Architecture College, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China",
    "School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China",
    "Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518071, China",
    "School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China",
    "School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tianyu Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bao-Jie He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yonghua Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jinda Qi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ke Xiong"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xin Dong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jun Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Junqing Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Haoxiang Zhan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Pingan Ni"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Guoen Wei"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c3bbggbe4tyy.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103611",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386426005175",
  "id": "4c3bbggbe4tyy",
  "issns": [
    "2666-3864"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103611",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QC1-999"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2215|Building Energy and Comfort Optimization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223226800",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/pdf/S2666-3864(26)00517-5.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c3bbggbe4tyy.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:27Z",
      "native_id": "0fcae13eb772401799d3c6e1c025e83f",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103611"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "lcc:QC1-999",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Structural variation of cooling and heating energy demand with degree-day estimation method",
  "title_text": "Structural variation of cooling and heating energy demand with degree-day estimation method",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:20:20Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c3bbggbe4tyy",
  "venue": "Cell Reports Physical Science",
  "versions": []
}