{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nCOVID-19 has multiple effects on the endocrine system, particularly altering the levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol, which may influence disease severity and prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate circulating levels of GH, IGF-1, and cortisol in COVID-19 patients categorized by disease severity, including outpatients, inpatients, and intensive care unit (ICU) patients.Methods\n\nA total of 118 confirmed COVID-19 patients were divided into three groups: outpatients, inpatients, and ICU patients. Serum levels of GH, IGF-1, and cortisol were measured using ELISA and statistically compared across groups. Correlations among these hormones were also analyzed.Results\n\nCortisol levels were highest in inpatients, intermediate in ICU patients, and lowest in outpatients. GH levels were reduced in ICU patients compared to other groups, with no difference between inpatients and outpatients. IGF-1 levels were highest in outpatients, followed by inpatients, and lowest in ICU patients. A significant inverse correlation between cortisol and IGF-1 was observed only in ICU patients (p = 0.013).Conclusion\n\nCOVID-19 severity is associated with dysregulation of GH, IGF-1, and cortisol. The inverse cortisol-IGF-1 correlation in ICU patients suggests the impact of physiological stress on hormonal imbalance and impaired recovery. Endocrine interventions may improve clinical outcomes in severe cases.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.",
    "Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.",
    "Department of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.",
    "Infectious Diseases Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.",
    "Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medical Sciences, Valiasr Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Hosseinzadeh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Milad Shirvandehi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Navid Sehat"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Azam Moslemi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Behzad Khansarinejad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Hosein Sarmadian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Rezvanfar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Farideh Jalali Mashayekhi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c53tgtnk98ht.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.22088/cjim.17.3.671",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13690140",
  "id": "4c53tgtnk98ht",
  "issns": [
    "2008-6164",
    "2008-6172"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924283",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7217659735",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13690140?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13690140",
  "pmid": "42924283",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c53tgtnk98ht.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924283",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924283"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hormonal dysregulation in COVID-19: A comparative analysis of cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 levels across different severities of illness.",
  "title_text": "Hormonal dysregulation in COVID-19: A comparative analysis of cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 levels across different severities of illness.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4c53tgtnk98ht",
  "venue": "Caspian journal of internal medicine",
  "versions": []
}