{
  "abstract": "Bioactive secondary metabolites produced by the haptophyte microalga Prymnesium parvum are key mediators of ichthyotoxicity during harmful algal bloom events. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a P. parvum extract containing B-type prymnesins, from an isolate obtained during the 2022 Oder River bloom, on mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis in the rainbow trout gill epithelial cell line RTgill-W1, a widely used model in aquatic toxicology. Mitochondrial function and structure were assessed using multiparameter flow cytometry and high-resolution confocal microscopy (Airyscan). Exposure to prymnesin-containing extract (PRYMCE) induced concentration-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), changes in mitochondrial mass-associated fluorescence, and reduced cardiolipin-associated 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) fluorescence. Structural analysis revealed mitochondrial network remodeling across PRYMCE concentrations, including perinuclear clustering and a transition from elongated filamentous structures to condensed spherical forms. Time-resolved imaging further demonstrated that mitochondrial structural alterations preceded overt plasma membrane permeabilization. Single-cell analysis demonstrated pronounced cellular heterogeneity, with distinct injury-associated subpopulations exhibiting increased side scatter and a ΔΨm low /mitochondrial mass low phenotype. These findings identify mitochondrial impairment and network remodeling as early, quantifiable hallmarks of PRYMCE-induced cytotoxicity and provide mechanistic insight into how P. parvum blooms may damage aquatic organisms.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Zsuzsanna Neer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Endre Kiss"
    },
    {
      "name": "Urban Tillmann"
    },
    {
      "name": "Balázs Vajna"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tamás Felföldi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kitti Dóra Csályi"
    },
    {
      "name": "János Matkó"
    },
    {
      "name": "Elisabeth Varga",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6046-3259"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4dncc3y1ja2z3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-74998-z",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "4dncc3y1ja2z3",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74998-z",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221547460",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74998-z_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4dncc3y1ja2z3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-74998-z",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74998-z"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gradual mitochondrial collapse underlies cytotoxicity induced by a B-type prymnesin-containing Prymnesium parvum extract in rainbow trout gill cells",
  "title_text": "Gradual mitochondrial collapse underlies cytotoxicity induced by a B-type prymnesin-containing Prymnesium parvum extract in rainbow trout gill cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4dncc3y1ja2z3",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}