{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) may support healthcare workforce allocation, but their decisions can be sensitive to demographic cues and decision architecture. This study examined gender-task congruity, Candidate-A dependence under the tested decision architecture, and patient-gender-conditioned nursing allocation. Methods: Three provider-specific LLM configurations were audited across 24 nursing tasks. Male and female nurses were professionally equivalent and counterbalanced across Candidate A/B; patient gender was varied in six intimate-care tasks. Sixty conditions were repeated three times per model, yielding 540 valid outputs. Results: Male nurses were selected in 50.0% of Technical/Procedural and Relational/Educational allocations. Candidate A was selected in all 288 observations, although 285 (99.0%) assigned identical suitability scores. Because A/B assignment was bundled with labeling, presentation order, evaluation order, and response-template anchoring, this pattern indicates Candidate-A dependence under the tested decision architecture rather than an isolated position effect. Changing patient gender from female to male produced 57 female-to-male nurse switches and no reverse switches (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The audited configurations showed no generalized gender-task pattern but demonstrated decision-architecture dependence and patient-gender-conditioned allocation. Fairness audits should assess equivalent-candidate handling, patient preference, and counterfactual stability.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Guangxi Hospital Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanning 530022, China.",
    "Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Sarawak, Bintulu 97008, Malaysia.",
    "Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.",
    "The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China.",
    "The Peoples Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530022, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhiying Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wenjie Zhu",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-6750-4038"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Luodi Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiuzhen Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Wei Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Baoling Zhong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Qiongyan Hu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4fxcwx3k6v12s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/healthcare14203549",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704475",
  "id": "4fxcwx3k6v12s",
  "issns": [
    "2227-9032"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940596",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3311|Ethics and Social Impacts of AI"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223186640",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704475?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704475",
  "pmid": "42940596",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4fxcwx3k6v12s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42940596",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940596"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Decision-Architecture Dependence and Patient-Gender-Conditioned Allocation in Large-Language-Model-Assisted Nursing Allocation: A Multi-Model Counterfactual Audit.",
  "title_text": "Decision-Architecture Dependence and Patient-Gender-Conditioned Allocation in Large-Language-Model-Assisted Nursing Allocation: A Multi-Model Counterfactual Audit.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4fxcwx3k6v12s",
  "venue": "Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}