{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nConsidering an important interplay of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in autophagy, where Bcl-2 inhibits autophagy by binding and inhibiting Beclin-1, evaluation of their expressions may provide insights into the tumor biology of the clinically distinct non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).Materials and methods\n\nBeclin-1 and Bcl-2 expressions were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in 47 NMIBC and 37 MIBC patients. Their expressions were evaluated in relation to patients' demographics. Autophagic vesicles (AVs)/autophagy were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results\n\nFold change expressions of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, at the gene level, were observed to be asymmetrical/skewed. Significances of expressions at the mRNA level with tumor stage (P = 0.0415), grade (P = 0.0488), and size (0.0451) in the NMIBC cohort were observed, whereas Bcl-2 expression exhibited significances with stage (P = 0.0328) and tumor type (P = 0.0499) in NMIBC and MIBC (P = 0.0474) patients. Western blotting and IHC showed decreased Beclin-1 and increased Bcl-2 immunostaining with an increase in the tumor stage and grade. TEM micrographs recorded an increase in AVs/autophagy in a tumor stage and grade-dependent manner. Tumor size was identified as a predictor of short progression-free survival (P = 0.031) in NMIBC patients. The Kaplan-Meier test could not identify Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 as the predictors of survival outcomes.Conclusion\n\nBeclin-1 downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and increased autophagy in tumor stage and grade-dependent manner suggest their role in aggressiveness of the bladder cancer.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.",
    "Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.",
    "Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.",
    "Centre for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Niharika"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shreyansh Tripathi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Atin Singhai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Apul Goel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Niraj Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Minal Garg"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4g43b0xrshpz9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4103/iju.iju_77_26",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686718",
  "id": "4g43b0xrshpz9",
  "issns": [
    "0970-1591",
    "1998-3824"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910392",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-SA",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-SA",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214948204",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13686718?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13686718",
  "pmid": "42910392",
  "published": "2026-09-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4g43b0xrshpz9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:14Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42910392",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910392"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Treatments",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Deciphering the clinical significance of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in urothelial carcinoma of bladder.",
  "title_text": "Deciphering the clinical significance of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in urothelial carcinoma of bladder.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4g43b0xrshpz9",
  "venue": "Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of India",
  "versions": []
}