{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Feline granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key cytokine involved in the regulation of myeloid immune responses and represents an important therapeutic target for leukopenia. However, the rapid in vivo clearance of native GM-CSF requires frequent administration, which limits its clinical translation. To overcome this limitation, a recombinant GM-CSF-Fc protein was constructed using Fc fusion technology. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of GM-CSF-Fc, however, is constrained by the lack of analytical approaches capable of simultaneously quantifying differently engineered forms of recombinant GM-CSF.\n\nMethods: In this study, recombinant feline GM-CSF was expressed in a CHO eukaryotic expression system and used to immunize rabbits to generate high-affinity polyclonal antibodies. Based on these antibodies, a sandwich ELISA was established.\n\nResults: The assay exhibited excellent linearity within 7.8–2000 pg/mL (R2 = 0.993), and its validated quantitative range was 50–2000 pg/mL, covering the expected concentration fluctuations of recombinant GM-CSF under physiological and immune-activated conditions in cats. The assay demonstrated good precision and accuracy, and no cross-reactivity with related feline cytokines (IL-3, IL-5, M-CSF, and G-CSF) was observed. Notably, the system efficiently quantified differently engineered forms of recombinant feline GM-CSF (His-tagged and Fc-fused) with comparable recovery, overcoming the limitations of conventional assays optimized for a single protein format. Pharmacokinetic analysis following subcutaneous administration in cats showed that Fc fusion substantially prolonged the apparent terminal elimination half-life of immunoreactive GM-CSF from 5.05 ± 0.91 h to 40.89 ± 3.41 h, supporting the improved pharmacokinetic profile of the Fc-fused construct.\n\nDiscussion: In conclusion, this study provides a versatile and sensitive analytical platform for the preclinical evaluation of Fc-fused feline GM-CSF formulations and serves as an important methodological reference for the quantitative assessment of Fc-fused veterinary biologicals.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , ,",
    "Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chun Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Miao Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Li Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tianliang Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ya Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hetao Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meilin Jin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4h5ffqm1rpt9g.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fvets.2026.1958789",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725428/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "4h5ffqm1rpt9g",
  "issns": [
    "2297-1769"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725428",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222986546",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725428/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725428",
  "pmid": "42973850",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4h5ffqm1rpt9g.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13725428",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13725428"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13725428",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1958789"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973850",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973850"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development of a sandwich ELISA for recombinant feline GM-CSF and determination of its serum half-life",
  "title_text": "Development of a sandwich ELISA for recombinant feline GM-CSF and determination of its serum half-life",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4h5ffqm1rpt9g",
  "venue": "Frontiers in veterinary science",
  "versions": []
}