{
  "abstract": "The function of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) has long been controversial. While their foundational function is widely accepted as “metabolic dumps” for waste processing, a widely circulated hypothesis posits that they are primitive germinal centers (GCs) executing adaptive immunity. To elucidate this controversy, this study systematically evaluated the splenic MMCs in a higher teleost (Micropterus salmoides) by combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution spatial transcriptomics. Structurally, TEM revealed that the MMC comprises a core with characteristic sparse cellular density, filled with cellular debris and encapsulated by a fibrous layer. Molecularly, under physiological conditions, MMC regions exhibited low transcriptional activity. We did not detect clear enrichment of B cell and T cell lineage genes, and the key GC marker aicda was not observed. Conversely, its predominant molecular signature was characterized by macrophage-driven iron metabolism (e.g., ferritin) and erythrocyte degradation (e.g., hba1). Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of MMCs pigments (e.g., argyrophilia) suggest that traditional histological staining methods warrant cautious interpretation regarding potential non-specific signals. In conclusion, our findings characterize the MMC as a highly specialized metabolic processing and sequestration niche. This study provides new perspectives on the evolution of immune-metabolic homeostasis in poikilothermic vertebrates, advances comparative immunology, and offers a critical scientific reference for the accurate interpretation of MMCs as a biological indicator in pathology and ecotoxicology.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Hainan Institute of Northwest A&F University, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China",
    "College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China",
    "Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China",
    "Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China",
    "Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China",
    "Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø 8049, Norway"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zheng-Yang Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jin-Lai Gu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jie He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhen-Dong Zhong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Quan-Xin Xiong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Min Qi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sheng Lian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zheng-Ran Jian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yuan-Chang Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lin-Feng Kuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chen-Wang Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shang-Jie Bai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Zhu Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Peng-Fei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Qing Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gao-Xue Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fei Ling"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jorge Galindo-Villegas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tao Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4jmdsjcncy834.bib",
  "cited_by": 2,
  "doi": "10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.570",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13720417/",
  "id": "4jmdsjcncy834",
  "issns": [
    "2095-8137"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.570",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Aquaculture disease management and microbiota"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7123339016",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13720417",
  "pmid": "42706786",
  "published": "2026-09-18",
  "publisher": "Editorial Office of Zoological Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4jmdsjcncy834.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720417",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2025.570"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Aquaculture disease management and microbiota",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Metabolic depot for nucleated erythrocyte degradation: molecular and structural elucidation of the teleost melanomacrophage center",
  "title_text": "Metabolic depot for nucleated erythrocyte degradation: molecular and structural elucidation of the teleost melanomacrophage center",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4jmdsjcncy834",
  "venue": "Zoological Research",
  "versions": []
}