{
  "abstract": "Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression is extensively regulated at the post-transcriptional level, but how human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection affects the processing of HTLV-1 RNA remains unclear. Here, we combined reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) with Oxford Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (ONT DRS) to characterize HTLV-1 RNA levels, alternative splicing, poly(A)-tail length, and RNA modifications in HIV-1-infected MT-2 cells. HIV-1 infection did not significantly alter total HTLV-1 RNA levels but was associated with changes in HTLV-1 RNA processing. D1-A8 splicing became predominant, and the proportion of p21rex transcripts increased from 29.45% to 82.07% of total HTLV-1 transcripts. Poly(A)-tail changes were transcript-specific, with longer tails in env and shorter tails in p21rex, HBZ, and unannotated transcripts. HIV-1 infection also altered N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C), and pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications, with more extensive changes in m⁵C and Ψ than in m⁶A. Demethylation mediated by alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) further supported the assignment of nucleotides 7011, 7357, and 7691 as m⁶A modification sites. Together, these findings demonstrate that HIV-1 infection alters the post-transcriptional regulation of HTLV-1 RNA despite stable total HTLV-1 RNA levels.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Hefei 230032, China;",
    "State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, , Beijing 100071, China; (S.W.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (L.J.); (X.W.)"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haoting Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shuanglong Wei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jingwan Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hanping Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yongjian Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lei Jia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaolin Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bohan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lin Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4km0rhd8vqgzt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/microorganisms14102359",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707466/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "4km0rhd8vqgzt",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2607"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707466",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QH301-705.5"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and Retrovirus Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222107766",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707466/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707466",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4km0rhd8vqgzt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13707466",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707466"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
      "native_id": "0315b5f100a440b68e5b4e29adbd1ae9",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102359"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|T-cell and Retrovirus Studies",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "HIV-1 Infection Alters Post-Transcriptional Processing of HTLV-1 RNA in MT-2 Cells",
  "title_text": "HIV-1 Infection Alters Post-Transcriptional Processing of HTLV-1 RNA in MT-2 Cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4km0rhd8vqgzt",
  "venue": "Microorganisms",
  "versions": []
}