{
  "abstract": "Double emulsions of water-in-oil-in-water (w1/o/w2) are critical for encapsulation and controlled release in microfluidic applications. In this work, double emulsion droplets were produced via a two-step flow-focusing process in a microchannel. A low-viscosity silicone oil (4.6 mPa s) was used as the oil phase, while the aqueous phase consisted of 48 wt% water and 52 wt% glycerol. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added at concentrations 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 times its critical micelle concentration (CMC = 11 mM) to systematically vary the interfacial tension. Three distinct formation regimes, namely drop-in-drop, drop-in-plug, and drop-in-thread, were identified under varying flow rate ratios and interfacial tensions. A semi-empirical model was developed to predict double droplet size in the drop-in-drop regime, which has significant practical relevance. For conditions with C/CMC ≥ 1, where interfacial tension is assumed to have reached equilibrium, good agreement with the experimental data was obtained, with mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) of 8.16% for the core droplets and 9.54% for the double droplets. For lower surfactant concentrations, incorporating dynamic interfacial tension gave a MAPE of 8.17% for double droplet size prediction. These results provide a quantitative framework for droplet size prediction and offer operating guidance for the controlled generation of encapsulated droplets in microfluidic systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Chen Tang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Loïc Chagot"
    },
    {
      "name": "Panagiota Angeli"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4kwwbzs8c1enj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6lc00406g",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "4kwwbzs8c1enj",
  "issns": [
    "1473-0197",
    "1473-0189"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05784217v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.info"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.info.info-mo"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7165776430",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05784217/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42383923",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4kwwbzs8c1enj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:50Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05784217",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05784217v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:0.sdv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Controlled encapsulation and droplet size prediction in two-step microfluidic double emulsions",
  "title_text": "Controlled encapsulation and droplet size prediction in two-step microfluidic double emulsions",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4kwwbzs8c1enj",
  "venue": "Lab on a Chip",
  "versions": []
}