{
  "abstract": "Background: Conventional farming may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food before processing, yet the magnitude of this association remains poorly characterised. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared phenotypic AMR in unprocessed food matrices between conventional production systems and antibiotic-free, organic, or wildlife comparators.\n\nMethods: Databases were searched from inception to Feb 28, 2025 (protocol: osf.io/pf7b4). Quality was assessed using validated tools. For each antibiotic, summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using restricted maximum-likelihood random-effects models, with prespecified subgroup analyses by matrix and bacterial genus.\n\nFindings: Eleven studies, mostly cross-sectional and of moderate-to-high quality, met inclusion criteria, covering dairy cattle (n = 6;raw milk), swine (n = 2;carcasses), and poultry (n = 3;eggs and carcasses). Conventional farming was associated with significantly higher ORs to ampicillin (OR 2·89, 95% CI 1·64–5·09; I²=34%), penicillin (OR 1·57, 95% CI 1·12–2·19; I²=7%), tetracycline (OR 3·37, 95% CI 1·83–6·18; I²=52%), erythromycin (OR 3·00, 95% CI 1·36–6·62; I²=72%), spiramycin (OR 5·24, 95% CI 1·04–26·41; I²=0%), tylosin (OR 4·54, 95% CI 1·02–20·11; I²=0%), and pirlimycin (OR 4·42, 95% CI 1·42–13·83; I²=33%). Teicoplanin showed a significant association (OR 4·04, 95% CI 1·10–14·88), and rifampicin a significant inverse association (OR 0·15, 95% CI 0·03–0·70). Subgroup analyses showed the strongest associations in raw milk and for Staphylococcus spp.\n\nInterpretation: Conventional production was associated with higher phenotypic AMR in pre-processing food, indicating a measurable resistance footprint entering the human supply chain. These findings support WHO stewardship priorities targeting agricultural use of critically important antimicrobials and highlight the need for production-level surveillance to safeguard food system sustainability and planetary health.\n\nKey messages: • Conventional farming is associated with higher antimicrobial resistance in unprocessed food matrices compared to antibiotic-free, organic, or wildlife comparators, across dairy, swine, and poultry.\n\n• A measurable resistance footprint enters the food supply chain at production level, supporting WHO priorities on agricultural antimicrobial stewardship and the need for production-level surveillance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "abstract",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "G Bonanno"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Sciurti"
    },
    {
      "name": "V Baccolini"
    },
    {
      "name": "L M Siena"
    },
    {
      "name": "B Goletti"
    },
    {
      "name": "V Turroni Casadei"
    },
    {
      "name": "R Pausilli"
    },
    {
      "name": "C Tommasino"
    },
    {
      "name": "P Villari"
    },
    {
      "name": "G Migliara"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4m69pb7tv8pha.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.424",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13697782/",
  "id": "4m69pb7tv8pha",
  "issns": [
    "1101-1262",
    "1464-360X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.424",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "3. PARALLEL PROGRAMME"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00860"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC01210"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC02610"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2402|Antibiotic Use and Resistance"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223650700",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13697782/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13697782",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4m69pb7tv8pha.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13697782",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.424"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13697782",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13697782"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2402|Antibiotic Use and Resistance",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Conventional vs antibiotic-free farming and antimicrobial resistance in food: a meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Conventional vs antibiotic-free farming and antimicrobial resistance in food: a meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4m69pb7tv8pha",
  "venue": "The European Journal of Public Health",
  "versions": []
}