{
  "abstract": "A vertical ITO/SnO2/ITO optoelectronic synaptic device was fabricated by magnetron sputtering for optical sensing and temporal-state encoding. The ITO/SnO2 stack exhibited 88.3% average transmittance over 400–800 nm. The device responded to 380, 550 and 660 nm illumination and showed paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) together with pulse-width, interval and number-dependent modulation, evidencing finite-timescale history dependence and pulse-dependent accumulation. These dynamics are consistent with rapid photocarrier excitation followed by slower localized-state trapping, detrapping, redistribution and relaxation, detrapping, redistribution and relaxation. All 16 possible 4-bit optical sequences were experimentally applied and identical pulse numbers arranged at different temporal positions produced different final current states. The measured state library was used for visual feature construction: a simple multilayer perceptron achieved 96.06 ± 0.19% test accuracy for MNIST over five independent runs, while a hybrid representation achieved 98.26 ± 0.28% over five independent runs for four-frame trajectory recognition; ablation showed that device-state features preserved temporal-order information. These results support temporal-order-sensitive physical encoding in a simple transparent oxide device.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Key Laboratory of UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China",
    "Laboratory of Neuromorphic Memristor Computing, College of Physical Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121000, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Senyu Zhuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhuang Hou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuqi Teng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yingqi Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongqi Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuanyu Shan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Meng Qi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6371-5877"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mingan Luan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ye Tao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4nqbe09ra4t2a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nano16191268",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667160/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "4nqbe09ra4t2a",
  "issns": [
    "2079-4991"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13667160",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advanced Memory and Neural Computing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220894228",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13667160/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13667160",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4nqbe09ra4t2a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13667160",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13667160"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nano16191268",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/19/1268"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2079-4991",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multiwavelength Optical Pulse-Induced Temporal State Mapping in an ITO/SnO2/ITO Optoelectronic Synaptic Device",
  "title_text": "Multiwavelength Optical Pulse-Induced Temporal State Mapping in an ITO/SnO2/ITO Optoelectronic Synaptic Device",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4nqbe09ra4t2a",
  "venue": "Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}