{
  "abstract": "Parkinson's disease (PD) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological evidence indicates that smoking is associated with reduced PD risk, potentially through oxidative stress-related pathways. PARK16 is a PD-susceptibility locus also implicated in oxidative stress regulation. This study examined gene-environment interaction involving smoking and a PARK16 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). A case-control study involving 999 Chinese subjects (497 cases, 502 controls) was conducted. PARK16 SNP rs6679073 (NC_000001.11:g.205787356C>A) was identified in a genome-wide association study in an Asian population. Logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs), controlling for age, sex, family history, and comorbidities. Gene-environment interactions were assessed using both additive (RERI, AP, and S) and multiplicative models. Smoking was not significantly associated with PD risk in the cohort (adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.54-1.12, and p = 0.179). rs6679073 was significantly associated with increased PD risk under the recessive model (AA vs. CC/CA: adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11-1.93, and p = 0.007). An additive interaction between rs6679073 and smoking was observed (RERI 0.85, 95% CI 0.21-1.50; AP 0.51, 95% CI 0.12-0.89). These findings suggest a biologically plausible interaction between PARK16 rs6679073 and cigarette smoking in modulating PD risk and warrants further investigation. Understanding gene-environment interactions may inform the design of mechanistic studies and contribute to risk stratification in susceptible populations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore 168581, Singapore.",
    "Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.",
    "Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tze Tsung Chong",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-2563-0898"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jia Dong James Wang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-0400-6999"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ebonne Yu-Lin Ng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qiao-Yang Sun",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7842-7034"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Eng-King Tan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4q1ywrqfwrzyc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27198556",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665394",
  "id": "4q1ywrqfwrzyc",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883802",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214200025",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13665394?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13665394",
  "pmid": "42883802",
  "published": "2026-09-24",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4q1ywrqfwrzyc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883802",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883802"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Interaction Between Cigarette Smoking and PARK16 on Parkinson's Disease.",
  "title_text": "Interaction Between Cigarette Smoking and PARK16 on Parkinson's Disease.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4q1ywrqfwrzyc",
  "venue": "International journal of molecular sciences",
  "versions": []
}