{
  "abstract": "Background: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) may be associated with underlying gastrointestinal pathology. This study examined the association between IDA and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and described the range of endoscopic abnormalities in patients with IDA.\n\nMethods: A prospective observational cross-sectional study involving 570 adults who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We collected biological, clinical, demographic, hematological, and iron-profile data. We defined IDA as anemia according to sex-specific hemoglobin thresholds accompanied by a serum ferritin concentration of <15 ng/mL. We categorized participants as having IDA or no IDA and compared endoscopic findings between groups. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify independent factors for an abnormal endoscopy.\n\nResults: IDA was found in 259 (45.4%) participants, and abnormal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was detected in 376 (66.0%). Abnormal findings were more frequent among participants with IDA (211 (81.5%)) than those without IDA (165 (53.1%); OR: 3.89; 95% CI: 2.65-5.71; p < 0.001). After adjustment, IDA was independently associated with abnormal endoscopy (adjusted OR: 3.875; 95% CI: 2.617-5.738; p < 0.001). After adjustment, IDA remained independently associated with esophagitis (aOR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.43-4.22), gastritis (aOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.30-2.80), gastric ulcer (aOR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.53-4.72), and duodenal ulcer (aOR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.36-5.40). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use was independently associated with abnormal endoscopy (adjusted OR: 1.766; 95% CI: 1.078-2.894; p = 0.024).\n\nConclusions: IDA was strongly associated with abnormal endoscopic findings in the upper gastrointestinal tract, especially inflammatory and ulcerative lesions. These findings support the clinical relevance of upper gastrointestinal evaluation among appropriately selected patients with IDA.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Hematology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, PAK",
    "Hematology, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Canterbury, GBR",
    "Internal Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, PAK",
    "Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, GBR",
    "Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nizamabad, IND",
    "Internal Medicine, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK",
    "Internal Medicine, Pinderfields Hospital, The Mid Yorkshire Teaching NHS Trust, Wakefield, GBR",
    "Emergency Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, NGA",
    "Emergency Medicine, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, GBR",
    "Gastroenterology, Shaikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, PAK",
    "Gastroenterology, Diana Princess of Wales Hospital, Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust, Grimsby, GBR",
    "Internal Medicine, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK",
    "Internal Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhanglesk, RUS",
    "Internal Medicine, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, GBR"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Asma Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Ayhan Amir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Medhini Roy Bhojanapu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shah Jahan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mina Wahib"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Kingsley Chisom Ugwuanyi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Quratulain Tanveer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Abdullah Najam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Nasmina Ferdausi Choudhury"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca Roberts"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qpmbm6pfy9ra.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7759/cureus.117713",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13746969/",
  "id": "4qpmbm6pfy9ra",
  "issns": [
    "2168-8184"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117713",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Gastroenterology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Internal Medicine"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2715|Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221310738",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.cureus.com/articles/533668-association-between-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-endoscopic-findings-in-patients-undergoing-upper-gastrointestinal-gi-endoscopy.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13746969",
  "pmid": "43005939",
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Cureus Inc.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qpmbm6pfy9ra.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-11T12:24:14Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13746969",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.117713"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:22:43Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43005939",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43005939"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2715|Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association Between Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Endoscopic Findings in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy",
  "title_text": "Association Between Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Endoscopic Findings in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T12:23:40Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qpmbm6pfy9ra",
  "venue": "Cureus",
  "versions": []
}