{
  "abstract": "We identify the initial velocity v0 in the exact solution of Non-Equilibrium Dynamics\n\n(NED) as the contraction velocity near R = 2ℓp, and propose the concrete value\n\nv0 = −2.5 × 10130 m/s .\n\nUsing the exact solution\n\n2R\n\n3 − 3ℓpR\n\n2 = 3Kt2 + 12ℓ\n\n2\n\np\n\nv0 t + 4ℓ\n\n3\n\np\n\n,\n\nwe derive and list the following times and radii:\n\n• The time of the turning point (R˙ = 0):\n\ntR˙ =0 ≈ 9.7 × 109\n\nyears .\n\n• The radius at the turning point:\n\nRR˙ =0 ≈ 1.69 × 1026 m .\n\n• The time at which the universe returns to R = 2ℓp:\n\nt\n\nfuture\n\nbounce ≈ 1.94 × 1010 years .\n\n• The cosmic age with v0 included:\n\ntnow ≈ 2.14 × 1010 years .\n\nThe cosmic age with v0 included is closer to the observed value 1.38 × 1010 years than the\n\nv0 = 0 result 6.4×109 years. With constant v0, the universe undergoes at most two bounces\n\n(at t = 0 and t = −4ℓ\n\n2\n\np\n\nv0/K) and does not repeat periodically. However, if v0 or F0 varies in\n\ntime, repeated expansion–contraction cycles are possible. Since the speed of light does not\n\nlimit the expansion or contraction of space in NED, the large value of v0 is not physically\n\nexcluded.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "takashi ueda"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qq11qabc30rj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23475063",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "4qq11qabc30rj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23475063",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/23475063/files/%E8%86%A8%E5%BC%B5%E3%81%A8%E5%8F%8E%E7%B8%AE%EF%BC%92.pdf/content",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qq11qabc30rj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:21:06Z",
      "native_id": "23475063",
      "source": "zenodo",
      "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23475063"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Cyclic Cosmic Expansion in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Identification of the Initial Velocity v0 as the Contraction Velocity near R = 2ℓp, Turning Points, Return to R = 2ℓp, Cosmic Age, and Repeated Cycles",
  "title_text": "Cyclic Cosmic Expansion in Non-Equilibrium Dynamics: Identification of the Initial Velocity v0 as the Contraction Velocity near R = 2ℓp, Turning Points, Return to R = 2ℓp, Cosmic Age, and Repeated Cycles",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:21:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4qq11qabc30rj",
  "venue": "Zenodo",
  "versions": []
}