{
  "abstract": "The removal of antibiotics from water using sustainable and cost-effective methods remains an environmental challenge. In this study, cotton-stalk biochar (CBC) was used as a substrate and waste eggshells as a calcium source to prepare a β-cyclodextrin-functionalized adsorbent (Ca@CBC/β-CD) via microwave-assisted crosslinking. The obtained material was used for tetracycline (TC) removal from water. Experimental results showed that Ca@CBC/β-CD exhibited the best adsorption performance at approximately pH = 6, and the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption capacity increasing from 142.36 mg g−1 at 25 °C to 161.91 mg g−1 at 45 °C. The adsorbent also showed good tolerance to common coexisting ions and retained about 84–86% of its initial capacity after five regeneration cycles. Spectroscopic characterization combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that TC adsorption was governed by the synergistic contribution of Ca2⁺ inner-sphere complexation/surface bridging, β-CD host–guest inclusion, and multi-point hydrogen bonding. Among the tested machine-learning models, the gradient boosting decision tree showed the best predictive performance (test-set R2 = 0.9914) and identified initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time as the key adsorption factors. Life-cycle assessment further indicated that the preparation stage generated 5.44 kg CO₂-eq per kg adsorbent, with electricity being the primary hotspot. Overall, Ca@CBC/β-CD represents an efficient, reusable, and relatively sustainable adsorbent for TC removal from water.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Water Hydraulic and Architectural Engineering, Tarim University, Xinjiang, 843300, China",
    "Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand",
    "Chrono-Environnement, Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, 25000, Besançon, France",
    "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Room 165 Thorvaldson Bldg., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada",
    "Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq",
    "Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia",
    "Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India",
    "Centre for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam",
    "Faculty of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam",
    "College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chong Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Grégorio Crini",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2540-6851"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ricardo Bello‐Mendoza",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4596-9363"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Lee D. Wilson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0688-3102"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ali H. Jawad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4827-9093"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Paramasivan Balasubramanian",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3821-5029"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Xuan Cuong Nguyen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1953-1456"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Qingfu Zheng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fayong Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7893-9451"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ram0p2zwsqj0.bib",
  "cited_by": 12,
  "doi": "10.1007/s42773-026-00640-w",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "4ram0p2zwsqj0",
  "issns": [
    "2524-7867",
    "2524-7972"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-026-00640-w",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7167069348",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-02",
  "publisher": "Springer Nature",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ram0p2zwsqj0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:58Z",
      "native_id": "W7167069348",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-026-00640-w"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2312|Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Microwave-assisted β-cyclodextrin modified calcium-rich biochar for tetracycline removal from wastewater: mechanistic, machine learning, density functional theory calculations and life cycle assessment",
  "title_text": "Microwave-assisted β-cyclodextrin modified calcium-rich biochar for tetracycline removal from wastewater: mechanistic, machine learning, density functional theory calculations and life cycle assessment",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ram0p2zwsqj0",
  "venue": "Biochar",
  "versions": []
}