{
  "abstract": "Background: School bullying threatens school safety and adolescent health. Research often treats victimization, perpetration, and bystander responses as distinct forms of involvement, leaving their within-person co-occurrence poorly understood.\n\nMethods: Using data from 7,913 students, this study applied network analysis and Node Identification and Response Analysis (NIRA) to examine behavioral co-occurrence and conditional associations across these dimensions and identify candidatenodes for future experimental validation.\n\nResults: Co-occurrence of all three dimensions exceeded that expected under independence (3.16%; O/E = 4.08, 95% CI [3.75, 4.43]), and formed an interconnected network with multiple cross-dimensional associations. Same-form victimization and perpetration, including verbal teasing, were positively connected, as were pro-bully bystander responses—particularly joining in bullying—and perpetration. Reverse-coded defender behaviors, including failure to intervene or report to adults, had limited direct connections with perpetration but yielded the largest projected changes in NIRA. In the primary NIRA analyses that excluded the perturbed node from the outcome, simulated mitigation of five bystander response nodes was associated with significant projected changes in the remaining 25-item aggregate score (Δ = 0.15–0.54; all ps_FDR < .001). BYS1 (failure to intervene) and BYS2 (failure to report) showed the largest projected changes under simulated threshold mitigation, with differences of −0.54 and −0.43 points, respectively.\n\nConclusion: These exploratory simulations generate hypotheses that targeting reverse-coded defender bystander responses and promoting active intervention and adult reporting may warrant further investigation in future intervention studies. However, causality and real-world effectiveness remain to be further validated.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine",
    "Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University",
    "School of Politics and Public Administration, Hunan Normal University",
    "School of Psychology, South China Normal University",
    "Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University",
    "Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University",
    "Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoyan Qiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoqun Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yumeng Miao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Pousheng Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ruixiang Gao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4s4tarcv0dac6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732128/",
  "id": "4s4tarcv0dac6",
  "issns": [
    "1664-0640"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3207|Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223088663",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732128",
  "pmid": "42985388",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4s4tarcv0dac6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:18Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:10Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732128",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1994414"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:1664-0640",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The co-occurrence of victimization, perpetration, and bystander responses in adolescent school bullying: a network analysis with model-based perturbation simulations",
  "title_text": "The co-occurrence of victimization, perpetration, and bystander responses in adolescent school bullying: a network analysis with model-based perturbation simulations",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4s4tarcv0dac6",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Psychiatry",
  "versions": []
}