{
  "abstract": "Eggshell waste, a byproduct of global egg production, is a calcium‐rich secondary resource whose disposal creates environmental and resource recovery challenges. This review critically integrates current knowledge on the composition of the mineral shell and eggshell membrane, pretreatment and conversion routes, resulting material properties, and applications in food, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and industrial systems. Eggshells predominantly consist of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), whereas the membrane contains collagenous proteins, glycosaminoglycan, and other matrix proteins. Cleaning, heat treatment, grinding, calcination, sol–gel conversion, mechanochemical synthesis, microwave‐assisted processing, and microbial bioprocessing can produce eggshell powder, CaO, calcium phosphate bioceramics, adsorbents, catalysts, and composite fillers with application‐dependent properties. Evidence supports calcium fortification with appropriately processed eggshells, experimental use of eggshell‐derived hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate in scaffolds or drug delivery systems, and applications in adsorption, catalysis, mineral fillers, and soil amendment. However, most routes remain at the laboratory or pilot scale, and the environmental superiority of green processes is rarely established by life cycle assessment. Feedstock variability, sanitation, process standardization, energy and chemical demand, regulatory classification, clinical validation, and consumer acceptance remain major barriers. By linking composition, processing, material performance, evidence maturity, and translation requirements, this review identifies priorities for safe and scalable eggshell waste valorization.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College Sulaimani Polytechnic University Sulaymaniyah Iraq",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand",
    "Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand",
    "Functional Food and Nutrition Program, Faculty of Agro‐Industry Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand",
    "University Institute of Food Science and Technology The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan",
    "College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China",
    "University Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences The University of Chenab Gujrat Pakistan",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia",
    "Department of Nutrition and Food Technology Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore Bangladesh",
    "Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Farhang Hameed Awlqadr",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1737-5920"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Iffat Ullah",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4968-9184"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Tayyab Arshad",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-5290-7631"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mamoona Shehzadi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Ali Ikram",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2893-4249"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Meerab Sajid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed Ali Al‐Duais",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2248-4221"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Md. Sakhawot Hossain",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7143-260X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4sad30n7whs3n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/fsn3.72546",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731840/",
  "id": "4sad30n7whs3n",
  "issns": [
    "2048-7177"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.72546",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2215|Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225242467",
  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fsn3.72546",
  "pmcid": "PMC13731840",
  "pmid": "42985350",
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4sad30n7whs3n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:57Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13731840",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.72546"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Eggshell Waste Valorization: Nutritional Composition, Functional Properties, and Industrial Applications",
  "title_text": "Eggshell Waste Valorization: Nutritional Composition, Functional Properties, and Industrial Applications",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4sad30n7whs3n",
  "venue": "Food Science & Nutrition",
  "versions": []
}