{
  "abstract": "Background: Gender-based and domestic violence (GBV/DV) intensified during COVID-19, yet qualitative evidence from Colombia and Venezuela remains limited, particularly for women and LGBTQ+ populations. We explored how pandemic conditions shaped violence and responses across socioecological levels.\n\nMethods: This secondary qualitative analysis used data from a mixed-methods sensemaking study conducted in urban and rural regions of Colombia (Bogotá, La Guajira) and Venezuela (Caracas, Falcón) from August 2024 to January 2025. From 2,591 micronarratives, 69 describing GBV/DV, violence, or discrimination were identified. Data were analyzed in NVivo using thematic analysis and interpreted through a socioecological lens.\n\nResults: Two key themes emerged:1) Pandemic conditions that exacerbated GBV/DV and 2) Coping, resistance, and protective strategies. Using a socioecological lens, GBV/DV arose from interacting dynamics across levels. At the individual level: income loss, housing insecurity, migration, COVID-19 infection, and identity-based stigma increased vulnerability, sometimes leading to financial dependence, unsafe living conditions, and high-risk survival strategies. These intersected with relational dynamics, where lockdowns intensified coercive control, reinforced gender norms, and heightened household conflict. At the structural level: mobility restrictions, discriminatory policies, and limited services constrained protection, amplifying risks. Survivors relied mainly on informal networks, while formal protection was rare. Violence occurred mainly within family and partner relationships.\n\nConclusions: GBV/DV during COVID-19 in Colombia and Venezuela emerged from interacting determinants across socioecological levels. Findings highlight how crises amplify structural inequalities and expose gaps in protection systems. Preparedness efforts should strengthen inclusive, community-based, and accessible responses for women, LGBTQ+ people, and migrants in crisis settings.\n\nKey messages: • GBV/DV during COVID-19 arose from interacting socioecological factors, where individual, relational, and structural conditions reinforced vulnerability and limited access to protection.\n\n• Crisis preparedness must integrate inclusive, multilevel GBV/DV responses that strengthen community support and ensure accessible protection for women, LGBTQ+ people, and migrants.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "abstract",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "MP Salazar Ocampo"
    },
    {
      "name": "SA Bartels"
    },
    {
      "name": "J Pritchard"
    },
    {
      "name": "J Silva Pulgarin"
    },
    {
      "name": "E Gallardo"
    },
    {
      "name": "A Collier"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4t21tb47vrpx7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.2027",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13699801/",
  "id": "4t21tb47vrpx7",
  "issns": [
    "1101-1262",
    "1464-360X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.2027",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "6. Poster Displays"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00860"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC01210"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SOC02610"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "DZ. Social, political and commercial determinants of health"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3306|Intimate Partner and Family Violence"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223655644",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13699801/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13699801",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4t21tb47vrpx7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:21Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13699801",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckag169.2027"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:26Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13699801",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13699801"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Gender-based and domestic violence during COVID-19: multilevel dynamics in Colombia and Venezuela",
  "title_text": "Gender-based and domestic violence during COVID-19: multilevel dynamics in Colombia and Venezuela",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:36:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4t21tb47vrpx7",
  "venue": "The European Journal of Public Health",
  "versions": []
}