{
  "abstract": "Maternal angiogenic imbalance is a hallmark of preeclampsia (PE), but whether it differs between PE-associated and isolated fetal growth restriction (FGR)/small-for-gestational-age (SGA) pregnancies is unclear, particularly before clinical recognition. We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL for observational studies comparing maternal soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), or their ratio between these phenotypes. Analyses were stratified by sampling context and pooled as Hedges’ g using random-effects models. Twenty-three studies (630 PE-associated, 1476 isolated FGR/SGA pregnancies) were included. After clinical recognition, PE-associated FGR/SGA showed a higher sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (g = 1.04, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.57), higher sFlt-1 (1.05, 0.73 to 1.38), and lower PlGF (−0.60, −0.82 to −0.38) than isolated FGR/SGA; differences in the same directions were present before clinical recognition (ratio 0.86, 0.38 to 1.33; sFlt-1 0.38, 0.12 to 0.64; PlGF −0.46, −0.77 to −0.16). The sFlt-1 difference was larger after clinical recognition in the test for subgroup differences (p = 0.002) but not in meta-regression (p = 0.064), and this between-context contrast is therefore reported as exploratory; the PlGF difference was similar in both contexts. These group-level differences do not establish individual-level prediction, discrimination or threshold performance. PE-associated and isolated FGR/SGA should therefore be distinguished in biomarker research, and angiogenic thresholds derived in suspected PE require validation before application to normotensive FGR/SGA.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea",
    "Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Min-A Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6199-2010"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Eunju Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hye Sun Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6328-6948"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ah-Young Choi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7539-2825"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tcsgmyf0twt1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219829",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "4tcsgmyf0twt1",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9829",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tcsgmyf0twt1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T00:20:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219829",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9829"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Maternal Angiogenic Profiles in Preeclampsia-Associated Versus Isolated Fetal Growth Restriction or Small-for-Gestational-Age Pregnancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
  "title_text": "Maternal Angiogenic Profiles in Preeclampsia-Associated Versus Isolated Fetal Growth Restriction or Small-for-Gestational-Age Pregnancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T00:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tcsgmyf0twt1",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}