{
  "abstract": "Objective: To examine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visceral fat area in adults with type 2 diabetes and assess the exposure–response pattern.\n\nMethods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 1271 adults with type 2 diabetes. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was analyzed as a continuous variable and by quartiles. Multivariable linear regression models were sequentially adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors, with body mass index added separately in the fully adjusted model. A generalized additive model was used to assess the exposure–response relationship. Prespecified subgroup analyses were also performed.\n\nResults: Visceral fat area differed across quartiles of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, with a lower median value in Q4 than in Q1 (87.0 vs. 96.0 cm2; p = 0.002). Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with lower visceral fat area in the multivariable model without body mass index (β = −0.77, 95% confidence interval: −1.13 to −0.41; p < 0.0001) and in the body mass index-adjusted model (β = −0.53, 95% confidence interval: −0.80 to −0.27; p < 0.0001). In quartile analyses, participants in Q4 had lower visceral fat area than those in Q1 in the body mass index-adjusted model (β = −10.04, 95% confidence interval: −16.19 to −3.89; p = 0.0015), whereas the associations for Q2 and Q3 were not statistically significant; nevertheless, a significant trend was observed across quartiles (p for trend = 0.0005). The generalized additive model suggested an approximately linear inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visceral fat area.\n\nConclusions: In adults with type 2 diabetes, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with lower HDS-2000-estimated visceral fat area, although the association was attenuated after adjustment for body mass index. This cross-sectional association should not be interpreted as independent of overall adiposity or unmeasured lifestyle, comorbidity, and treatment-related factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporality.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, China",
    "Department of Endocrinology, Quzhou People’s Hospital; The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Junling Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xujie Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chunyan Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yiming Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zichen Rao",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-6788-4829"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qianru Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lulu Zheng",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-7999-5970"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tj4tr5s8sk6q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1177/03000605261487246",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13724872/",
  "id": "4tj4tr5s8sk6q",
  "issns": [
    "0300-0605",
    "1473-2300"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261487246",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Observational Study"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2734|Vitamin D Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213334539",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13724872",
  "pmid": "42745662",
  "published": "2026-09-16",
  "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tj4tr5s8sk6q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:22Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724872",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605261487246"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2734|Vitamin D Research Studies",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visceral fat area in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study",
  "title_text": "Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and visceral fat area in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tj4tr5s8sk6q",
  "venue": "The Journal of International Medical Research",
  "versions": []
}