{
  "abstract": "Pistachio processing and disposal generate large quantities of shells, hulls, residues, rejected products, and high-strength wastewater that remain underutilized despite their renewable energy potential. This systematic review assessed energy-recovery technologies for pistachio-derived wastes by evaluating technical performance, environmental impacts, techno-economic feasibility, and research maturity. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase were searched for studies published from 2010 to 5 July 2026. From 404 identified records, 54 eligible studies were included after screening and study-family clustering. Thermochemical pathways, especially pyrolysis and gasification, represented the dominant evidence base. Pyrolysis produced 48–53% liquid products, with char heating values reaching approximately 33.5 MJ kg⁻¹ , while gasification generated 1.37–2.62 m³ kg⁻¹ producer gas and achieved diesel substitution up to 46.7%. Anaerobic digestion showed strong potential for wet residues and wastewater, producing methane yields of 40–415.4 mL CH₄ g⁻¹ VS. Other pathways, including combustion, densification, hydrothermal processing, liquefaction, bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biochar-based fuel cells, also demonstrated feasibility. However, heterogeneity in feedstocks, reporting methods, reactor scales, and performance indicators limited comparisons and prevented meta-analysis. This review provides a framework for selecting sustainable energy-recovery pathways and supporting large-scale valorization of pistachio wastes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran",
    "Public Health Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Corresponding authors at: Public Health Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.",
    "Public Health Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran",
    "Workplace Health Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hossein Farash Khayalo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abbas Abbasnia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Asma Rashki Kemmak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maryam Khashij"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Mehralian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sajjad Rahimi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Edris Bazrafshan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ts01naej5m55.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102042",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398626004169",
  "id": "4ts01naej5m55",
  "issns": [
    "1944-3986",
    "1944-3994"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102042",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QH540-549.5"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "TD1-1066"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2103|Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7225853306",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1944398626004169/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ts01naej5m55.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-15T15:20:51Z",
      "native_id": "033ac6aec5f6419989c9ded9b14dcc67",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2026.102042"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "lcc:QH540-549.5",
      "subfield": "ecology"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "lcc:TD1-1066",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:2312|Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Energy recovery from pistachio-derived wastes: A critical systematic review of conversion pathways, energy performance, environmental impacts, and techno-economic feasibility",
  "title_text": "Energy recovery from pistachio-derived wastes: A critical systematic review of conversion pathways, energy performance, environmental impacts, and techno-economic feasibility",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-15T15:20:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ts01naej5m55",
  "venue": "Desalination and Water Treatment",
  "versions": []
}