{
  "abstract": "Background and objectives\n\nIgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic fibroinflammatory disorder requiring prolonged treatment, placing substantial financial burden on patients. This study compares the direct medical costs of three treatment regimens-glucocorticoid (GC), GC combined with Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and rituximab (RTX) -and evaluates the patients' health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) using the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level scale (EQ-5D-5 L) to assess cost-effectiveness.Methods\n\nOur retrospective cohort study consecutively distributed EQ-5D-5 L questionnaires to treatment-naïve IgG4-RD outpatients. Patients formed three cohorts: 30 with GC, 30 with GC+MMF, and 20 with RTX. Patients on other regimens were excluded. HR-QoL was assessed using EQ-5D-5 L questionnaires and visual analog scales. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were computed. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis with Monte Carlo simulations evaluated cost-effectiveness across willingness-to-pay thresholds.Results\n\nFirst-year treatment costs were $1284.53 for GC, $2090.96 for GC+MMF, and $6175.97 for RTX. RTX group demonstrated the lowest relapse rate. No significant differences were observed in HR-QoL scores among groups, though visual analog scale (VAS) scores favored GC over GC+MMF. Median incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of probabilistic sensitivity analysis were $13,310/QALY for RTX versus GC and $17,412/QALY for RTX versus GC+MMF. GC demonstrated highest cost-effectiveness probability at willingness-to-pay thresholds below $15,000/QALY. Inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis confirmed these findings' robustness after controlling for selection bias.Conclusions\n\nWhile RTX offers superior efficacy with lowest relapse rates, its high price leads to limited usage in China. GC-based regimens provide reasonable outcomes at lower costs, making GC or GC+MMF more economical choices.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases (NCRC-RAD), State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.",
    "Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.",
    "Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.",
    "Department of Rheumatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.",
    "Department of Planning and Development, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.",
    "National Human Genetic Resource Center, Beijing, China.",
    "National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yifei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jialing Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuxue Nie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jingna Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jialei Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Qinhuan Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinli Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Nianyi Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shuo Liu",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-0208-3493"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jueming Lei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaxin Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yunyun Fei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Linyi Peng",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7441-907X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wen Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tv458wrjhbdk.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1515/rir-2026-0031",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13689948",
  "id": "4tv458wrjhbdk",
  "issns": [
    "2719-4523"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924285",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|IgG4-Related and Inflammatory Diseases"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223211229",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13689948?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13689948",
  "pmid": "42924285",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tv458wrjhbdk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924285",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924285"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2745|IgG4-Related and Inflammatory Diseases",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Economic burden and quality of life of IgG4-related disease in China: A comparative analysis of three treatment regimens.",
  "title_text": "Economic burden and quality of life of IgG4-related disease in China: A comparative analysis of three treatment regimens.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4tv458wrjhbdk",
  "venue": "Rheumatology and immunology research",
  "versions": []
}