{
  "abstract": "Obesity should no longer be regarded as a disease confined to adipose tissue. Contemporary evidence indicates that adipose tissue dysfunction can initiate a cascade of metabolic and inflammatory responses that progressively involve multiple peripheral organs. Drawing on current molecular and translational evidence, we delineate mechanisms through which lipotoxicity, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and adipokine dysregulation contribute to inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction in the liver, skeletal muscle, pancreatic β-cells, vascular endothelium, perivascular adipose tissue and tumour microenvironment. Once established, organ-specific processes may become partially self-reinforcing and reciprocally amplify systemic immunometabolic dysfunction. We propose the Hydra of Inflammation as an integrative framework in which peripheral organs function not only as targets of adipose tissue-derived signals but also as secondary contributors to a progressively interconnected inflammatory network. This network-based perspective may help explain the heterogeneity of obesity-associated metabolic phenotypes and supports a shift from isolated organ-centred models towards systems-level approaches. The framework integrates the adipose tissue mechanisms discussed in Part I with the therapeutic perspectives developed in Part III of the Prometheus’s Fire series.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Lux Med Medical Centre in Warsaw, 49 Komitetu Obrony Robotników Street, 02-146 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka St. 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland",
    "Department of General Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 00-401 Warsaw, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anna Grudniewska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1160-9204"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kacper Wiszniewski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Piotr Dudek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Alina Kuryłowicz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4v54cjbka7bes.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209356",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705098/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "4v54cjbka7bes",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9356",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223363780",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705098/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705098",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4v54cjbka7bes.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209356",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9356"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13705098",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705098"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Prometheus’s Fire, Part II: The Hydra of Inflammation—Multiorgan Self-Amplifying Inflammatory Loops in Obesity: Molecular Crosstalk Between Adipose Tissue, Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Pancreas and Cardiovascular System",
  "title_text": "Prometheus’s Fire, Part II: The Hydra of Inflammation—Multiorgan Self-Amplifying Inflammatory Loops in Obesity: Molecular Crosstalk Between Adipose Tissue, Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Pancreas and Cardiovascular System",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4v54cjbka7bes",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}