{
  "abstract": "Bacterial-infected skin wounds, especially those caused by drug-resistant pathogens accompanied by persistent inflammation, remain a major clinical therapeutic challenge. Rising antimicrobial resistance compromises the therapeutic effect of conventional single-agent antibiotics, creating an urgent demand for novel wound therapeutics that integrate bactericidal potency, immunomodulation and tissue regeneration capacity. In this work, an injectable multifunctional chitosan-based hydrogel (C@MC) was developed, which simultaneously incorporates metformin hydrochloride (as a potential antibiotic adjuvant) and cefazolin sodium (as a β-lactam class antibacterial drug). The optimized C@MC possesses interconnected three-dimensional pores with an initial storage modulus of ~0.83 kPa (C@MC₃₆₀), featuring desirable mechanical strength, injectability, tissue adhesion and dual pH/glucose-responsive sustained drug release. In vitro evaluations revealed the dose-dependent bactericidal activity of C@MC against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1-producing E. coli (NDM-1 E. coli, resistant bacteria). The highest drug-laden group nearly eliminated all wound bacteria in vitro. It scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) to lower cellular MDA levels and suppress pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In full-thickness mouse wounds infected with NDM-1 E. coli, C@MC₃₆₀ achieved nearly complete wound closure, with only a 4.2% residual wound area on day 14, accompanied by suppressed inflammatory infiltration and accelerated wound regeneration. This dual-drug hydrogel integrates antibiotic potentiation, anti-inflammation and antioxidation, providing an intervention regimen for skin wounds infected with drug-resistant bacteria.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Modern Agriculture and Bioengineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China.",
    "College of Chemical Engineering and Modern Materials, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China.",
    "Shaanxi Xiangju Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited, Shangluo 726000, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yilin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yong Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhaoyang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haiqiang Ren"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chenxiong Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chengfang Qiao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wei Zhou"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4vj976dwr145d.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100876",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704149",
  "id": "4vj976dwr145d",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929911",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2742|Wound Healing and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214661435",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704149?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704149",
  "pmid": "42929911",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4vj976dwr145d.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929911",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929911"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2742|Wound Healing and Treatments",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dual-Drug Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Metformin and Cefazolin for Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Treatment of Drug-Resistant Bacteria-Infected Skin Wounds.",
  "title_text": "Dual-Drug Chitosan Hydrogel Loaded with Metformin and Cefazolin for Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Treatment of Drug-Resistant Bacteria-Infected Skin Wounds.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4vj976dwr145d",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}