{
  "abstract": "Introduction\n\nPrevious research suggests household crowding is associated with poorer child mental health, but findings are inconsistent. Longitudinal data is required, especially from deprived settings where crowding is most prevalent and in ethnically diverse UK settings where living in larger family units is more commonplace. It is uncertain whether features of nearby green space may modify associations between crowding and child mental health.Methods\n\nWe analysed data from 3543 children in the Born in Bradford study, a longitudinal cohort representing residents of the ethnically diverse and relatively deprived city of Bradford, UK. We used ordinal logistic regression to investigate the association between exposure to household crowding (self-reported people per bedroom) at birth and child mental health score (normal, borderline, raised) 7-14 years later according to parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), adjusting for gender, ethnicity and socio-economic position. We explored effect modification by ethnicity and green space measures.Results\n\nGreater levels of household crowding at birth were not associated with being in a higher SDQ category 7-14 years later; in crude and adjusted analyses, the fully adjusted OR was 0.89, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.05. No effect modification by the main ethnic groups or parental satisfaction with surrounding green space at the time of outcome measurement was observed.Conclusion\n\nThe relationship between household crowding and child mental health is complex. In this study of an ethnically diverse population, where crowding was relatively prevalent, no relationship was found. Household composition, age, housing condition and family and community support likely play important roles.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "UCL Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.",
    "UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London, UK.",
    "Population Health Improvement (PHI-UK), Bradford, UK.",
    "Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Joanna Klaptocz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7108-6233"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Helen Abigail Blake",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7856-5931"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kimon Krenz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6077-7282"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Cathy Knamiller"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Rosemary Rc McEachan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1302-6675"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marcella Ucci"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jessica Sheringham",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3468-129X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4w3x6hryxg4dn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1136/bmjph-2026-005483",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13723880",
  "id": "4w3x6hryxg4dn",
  "issns": [
    "2753-4294"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968915",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "1506"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224198972",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13723880?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13723880",
  "pmid": "42968915",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "BMJ Publishing Group",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4w3x6hryxg4dn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:53Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42968915",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968915"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:26Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13723880",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2026-005483"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association between household crowding at birth and mental health outcomes in school-aged children: retrospective analysis of data from the Born in Bradford cohort, UK.",
  "title_text": "Association between household crowding at birth and mental health outcomes in school-aged children: retrospective analysis of data from the Born in Bradford cohort, UK.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4w3x6hryxg4dn",
  "venue": "BMJ public health",
  "versions": []
}