{
  "abstract": "The increasing discharge of dye-laden wastewater necessitates the development of efficient and easily recoverable adsorbents. In this study, a trimesoyl chloride (TMC) functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ magnetic sorbent was synthesized via a sol-gel route for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous media. Dynamic light scattering indicated a uniform particle size distribution (∼130-140 nm). FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of -COOH, -OH, and aromatic moieties, enabling multi-modal interactions including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and coordination with CR molecules. Structural and surface properties were further validated by XRD, FE-SEM, and zeta potential analyses. Operational parameters (initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) were systematically optimized, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 4614.62 (pH = 5, dosage = 2 mg) for CR dye. Kinetic modeling revealed an excellent fit to the Bangham model (R ² = 0.999), which yielded a calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity of 231.95 mg g⁻¹, closely matching the experimental value of 233.85 mg g⁻¹ and indicating a substantial contribution of pore diffusion. Isotherm analysis suggested multistage adsorption behavior. The Jovanović model provided a reasonable fit (R ² = 0.960) and a q m value of 4100 mg g⁻¹, which was relatively close to the experimental adsorption capacity of 4614.61 mg g⁻¹. The Koble-Corrigan model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data (R ² = 0.995), suggesting the contribution of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Reusability tests demonstrated that the magnetic adsorbent retained ∼80% of its initial removal efficiency after 4 consecutive cycles, confirming its practical applicability and facile separation. Overall, the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC system presents a robust and magnetically recoverable platform for efficient dye remediation, offering a promising approach for future studies and wastewater treatment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Dr. K. C. Patel R & D Centre, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) 388 421 Anand Gujrat India atanubanerjee.rnd@charusat.ac.in.",
    "P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) 388 421 Anand Gujrat India.",
    "Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University 388 120 Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand Gujrat India."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dhruvi Patel",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-5590-1354"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elias Mosaffa",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8682-186X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sunil H Chaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Atanu Banerjee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7619-6976"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4xnfzfjgdtjcn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra05480c",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13637170",
  "id": "4xnfzfjgdtjcn",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42835717",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220395823",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13637170?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13637170",
  "pmid": "42835717",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4xnfzfjgdtjcn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42835717",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42835717"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2312|Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC magnetic sorbent for efficient Congo red removal: performance and adsorption mechanism.",
  "title_text": "Recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC magnetic sorbent for efficient Congo red removal: performance and adsorption mechanism.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4xnfzfjgdtjcn",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}