{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nDisseminated coccidioidomycosis in dogs is associated with substantial morbidity, yet distinguishing pulmonary from disseminated disease can be clinically challenging. Antibody serology might assist in predicting dissemination, but its performance across disease sites requires clarification.Hypothesis/objectives\n\nTo identify clinical and serologic variables associated with disseminated coccidioidomycosis and to evaluate differences in antibody magnitude among common sites of infection.Animals\n\nTwo hundred fourteen client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis.Methods\n\nRetrospective study. Anti-Coccidioides spp. immunoglobulin (Ig)G was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) at a reference laboratory.Results\n\nDisease was classified as pulmonary in 148/214 (69%) and disseminated in 66/214 (31%). Higher EIA IgG concentration and AGID IgG titer were independently associated with dissemination. Enzyme immunoassay discriminated disseminated from pulmonary disease well (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.87), estimate likely representing an upper bound because serology contributed to case classification. Agar gel immunodiffusion performance was not statistically distinguishable (AUC: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67-0.82; P = .65). Exploratory cutpoints included an EIA IgG threshold of 37 enzyme immunoassay units (sensitivity 86%, specificity 63%) and an AGID IgG threshold of ≥1:32 (sensitivity 48%, specificity 86%). Pulmonary diagnoses were least common in spring and peaked in late fall and winter.Conclusions and clinical importance\n\nCoccidioidal IgG serology might provide clinically useful adjunctive information when assessing dogs for disseminated coccidioidomycosis. However, overlap in serologic results between disease phenotypes precludes the use of serology alone to determine disease extent. Serologic results should therefore be interpreted alongside clinical findings and appropriate diagnostic evaluation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.",
    "MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States.",
    "Department of Small Animal Primary Care, Shelter, and Community Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States.",
    "Veterinary Neurological Center, Phoenix, AZ 85040, United States.",
    "Tucson Veterinary Specialists, Tucson, AZ 85704, United States.",
    "Thrive Pet Healthcare Specialists, Scottsdale, AZ 85255, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lauren Chittick"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jared A Jaffey"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Andrew S Hanzlicek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rachael Kreisler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laura H Rayhel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer Balaban"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Cody Alcott"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Christopher Adams"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aubrey G Gould"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ycgamj8mspdp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/jvimsj/aalag278",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718431",
  "id": "4ycgamj8mspdp",
  "issns": [
    "0891-6640",
    "1939-1676"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955824",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/SCI01400"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Small Animal Internal Medicine Infectious Disease"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Fungal Infections and Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224619062",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718431?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718431",
  "pmid": "42955824",
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ycgamj8mspdp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:45Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42955824",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955824"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:27Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13718431",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag278"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Fungal Infections and Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical and serologic variables associated with dissemination and seasonal presentation in dogs with newly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis.",
  "title_text": "Clinical and serologic variables associated with dissemination and seasonal presentation in dogs with newly diagnosed coccidioidomycosis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4ycgamj8mspdp",
  "venue": "Journal of veterinary internal medicine",
  "versions": []
}