{
  "abstract": "Purpose: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy is a standard-of-care for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and granulomatous prostatitis (GP) is a side effect often misdiagnosed as prostate cancer (PCa). We conducted a systematic review to clarify the clinical spectrum of BCG-induced GP.\n\nMethods: MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched in June 2026. We sought studies reporting GP associated with BCG therapy for NMIBC, including case reports and case series. Risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I and JBI tools. Findings were synthesized narratively (CRD420261324758).\n\nResults: Forty-seven studies were included, comprising 23 case reports, 19 case series, and 5 comparative studies. In case series, abnormal digital rectal examination findings were reported in 100/240 (42%) evaluable cases. PSA elevation (> 4 ng/mL) occurred in 104/194 (54%) patients but often declined spontaneously during follow-up. Suspicious MRI findings were common, with PI-RADS ≥ 4 lesions reported in 71/82 (87%) cases, whereas biopsy-confirmed PCa was detected only in 12/151 (7.9%) patients. However, Grade Group and definitions of clinically significant PCa (csPCa) were incompletely and inconsistently reported, precluding a reliable estimate of csPCa frequency. Limitations include the predominance of descriptive studies and potential selection bias.\n\nConclusion: BCG-induced GP frequently presents with transient PSA elevation and suspicious MRI findings that rarely indicate true PCa. In BCG-exposed patients with elevated PSA or PI-RADS ≥ 4 lesions, structured observation with careful follow-up should be considered before proceeding to immediate biopsy.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-026-06883-3.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria",
    "Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan",
    "Collegium Medicum - Faculty of Medicine, WSB University, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland",
    "Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut USA",
    "Department of Urology, Medical University Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany",
    "Department of Urology, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan",
    "Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA",
    "Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA",
    "Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan",
    "College of Medical Health Technologies, Al-Turath University, Mansour, Baghdad Iraq",
    "Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria",
    "Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia",
    "Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Keiichiro Miyajima",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7799-669X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marcin Miszczyk"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maximilian J. Rabil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Felix Lübbersmeyer"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kazuma Tsuboi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Akihiro Matsukawa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fumihiko Urabe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Keiichiro Mori"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Takafumi Yanagisawa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Michael S. Leapman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Takahiro Kimura"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6,
        7,
        8,
        9,
        10,
        11,
        12
      ],
      "name": "Shahrokh F. Shariat"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4zsfwmhh4gqst.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00345-026-06883-3",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13740009/",
  "id": "4zsfwmhh4gqst",
  "issns": [
    "0724-4983",
    "1433-8726"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-026-06883-3",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2748|Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225344217",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00345-026-06883-3.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13740009",
  "pmid": "42986441",
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4zsfwmhh4gqst.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T12:21:20Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13740009",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-026-06883-3"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2748|Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Intravesical BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis mimicking prostate cancer in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review",
  "title_text": "Intravesical BCG-induced granulomatous prostatitis mimicking prostate cancer in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T12:21:20Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/4zsfwmhh4gqst",
  "venue": "World Journal of Urology",
  "versions": []
}