{
  "abstract": "This study focuses on developing and characterizing monolayer films with the purpose of designing a waterresponsive bio-based bilayer design, incorporating microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). MFC, with their high aspect ratio and surface area, provide a network of highly hydrogen-bonded microfibers exhibiting superior mechanical properties. To achieve a highly water-sensitive material, CMC with a high substitution degree of the carboxylic group was incorporated into the MFC matrix. Additionally, to maintain film integrity after water uptake, the films were cross-linked with aluminum ions (Al 3+ ), which improved the film resistance without compromising the water uptake. MFC, MFC/CMC (1:1 mass ratio), and Al 3+ -cross-linked MFC/CMC films were prepared by vacuum filtration, and their response to water was monitored through water uptake and changes in mechanical properties. Water-responsive actuators were designed and prepared by combining tape with MFC or MFC/CMC layers, with and without Al 3+ cross-linking. Bending was observed after incubation at controlled relative humidity or by immersion in water. Al 3+ cross-linking clearly improved mechanical resistance, which provided stable films that bent in response to water uptake. The work presented here can be used to control actuation in cellulose-based films and gives insight into the parameters involved in the film bending.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Lina Daniela Ardila-Diaz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lisa Lopes da Costa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jean-Eudes Maigret"
    },
    {
      "name": "Denis Lourdin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Karin Schroen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ana Villares"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/515y0wzt5ssx5.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106764",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "515y0wzt5ssx5",
  "issns": [
    "1381-5148",
    "1873-166X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05829515v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Advanced Cellulose Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7151514459",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05829515/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/515y0wzt5ssx5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:00Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05829515",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05829515v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Advanced Cellulose Research Studies",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Improving water-responsive actuation of microfibrillated cellulose films by aluminum cross-linking",
  "title_text": "Improving water-responsive actuation of microfibrillated cellulose films by aluminum cross-linking",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/515y0wzt5ssx5",
  "venue": "Reactive and Functional Polymers",
  "versions": []
}