{
  "abstract": "Airborne transmission of influenza A­(H1N1)­pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral strain) poses critical challenges in confined high-occupancy spaces, including aircraft, public transit, and institutional settings. Population-level quanta generation rate profiles, quantifying infectious particle emissions, are vital for assessing airborne infection risk but are poorly characterized. Short-range transmission complicates risk assessment due to variable close-contact scenarios. We estimated these profiles from 40 airplane outbreaks (14 influenza A­(H1N1)­pdm09, 26 SARS-CoV-2) using a novel heterogeneity matching method and an integrated Wells–Riley model combining short- and long-range transmission, calibrated via Monte Carlo simulations. Results reveal super-emitter-driven variability. A new metric, close time equivalents for standardizing close-contact exposure, was calculated for 23 outbreaks (6 influenza A­(H1N1)­pdm09, 17 SARS-CoV-2). Outbreak-derived quanta rates align with viral-load-based estimates, though the latter show greater variability. The population-level ventilation distribution compiled from commercial Boeing and Airbus cabin studies supports the robustness of the estimates. Impractical clean air equivalents for mitigating super-emitter transmission necessitate mask-wearing, effectively reducing close-contact and long-range transmission. These findings inform public health strategies for confined spaces and emerging variants.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China",
    "School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China",
    "Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K.",
    "Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ao Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hui-Ling Yen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nancy H. L. Leung",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7314-840X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Julian W. Tang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yuguo Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2281-4529"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/528a4fazyvxe7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.est.6c09696",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13718601/",
  "id": "528a4fazyvxe7",
  "issns": [
    "0013-936X",
    "1520-5851"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c09696",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ecotoxicology and Public Health"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Infection Control and Ventilation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213988108",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/esthag/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6c09696/68589339/acs.est.6c09696.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718601",
  "pmid": "42937471",
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/528a4fazyvxe7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13718601",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c09696"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F23",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Influenza A (H1N1) and SARS-CoV‑2 Transmission in Airplanes: Quanta Profiles and Infection Control",
  "title_text": "Influenza A (H1N1) and SARS-CoV‑2 Transmission in Airplanes: Quanta Profiles and Infection Control",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/528a4fazyvxe7",
  "venue": "Environmental Science & Technology",
  "versions": []
}