{
  "abstract": "Objective: Hypoglycemia is common in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), who require lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, whether this therapy restores physiological glycemic fluctuations in patients with AI remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize glucose fluctuation pattern in patients with AI using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).\n\nMethods: Twenty-seven patients with AI on stable doses of glucocorticoid were consecutively enrolled. Fifty-four age-, sex-, and BMI-matched normal controls (NCs) were selected from a healthy volunteer database at a 2:1 ratio. CGM was conducted with a blinded method for 14 days. Glucocorticoid regimen and adverse events during CGM were documented.\n\nResults: The AI group had a mean age of 59.53 ± 8.51 years (15 males). Compared with NCs, patients with AI exhibited increased time below range (TBR, glucose <3.9 and <3.0 mmol/L) and decreased time in range (TIR, glucose within 3.9–7.8 mmol/L). Time above range (TAR, glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L) was elevated during the lunch and dinner periods, and glucose fluctuation parameters were also increased. CGM-detected hypoglycemia was observed in all patients (27/27, 100%) versus 46/54 (85.2%) controls (P = 0.047). Patients receiving once-daily glucocorticoid had higher lunchtime TAR than those on twice-daily dosing. Hydrocortisone-treated patients showed higher breakfast and lunchtime TAR compared with prednisone users. Patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced AI had higher glucose levels and fluctuation parameters during breakfast and dinner periods than those with other etiologies.\n\nConclusion: Patients with AI receiving glucocorticoid replacement experience more frequent CGM-recorded asymptomatic hypoglycemia and greater glucose variability. CGM may provide valuable insights for optimizing glucocorticoid administration strategies in AI.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Endocrinology, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China",
    "Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China",
    "Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China",
    "Shanghai iMedpower Tech.LTD, Beijing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Cuili Ning"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rui Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wei Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xianghai Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yunyang Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xueyao Han",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5450-5563"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Linong Ji",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3262-2168"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Qian Ren",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5729-8264"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54mete2ksvxj1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1530/ec-26-0304",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13726395/",
  "id": "54mete2ksvxj1",
  "issns": [
    "2049-3614"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-26-0304",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Adrenal Hormones and Disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221529913",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13726395",
  "pmid": "42862936",
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "Bioscientifica Ltd.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54mete2ksvxj1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:45Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726395",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-26-0304"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Adrenal Hormones and Disorders",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glycemic profile in adrenal insufficiency patients on glucocorticoid replacement",
  "title_text": "Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glycemic profile in adrenal insufficiency patients on glucocorticoid replacement",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:22:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54mete2ksvxj1",
  "venue": "Endocrine Connections",
  "versions": []
}