{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nBlack yeast-like species of the order Chaetothyriales cause superficial to life-threatening systemic infections. Comprehensive global epidemiology data remain limited.Objectives\n\nThis study aimed to analyze the global epidemiology, spectrum of pathogens, clinical manifestations and outcomes of Chaetothyriales infections.Methods\n\nWe systematically reviewed 712 cases reported between 1976 and 2025.Results\n\nThe analysis revealed a steady increase in diagnosed cases, with Cladophialophora bantiana (21%), Exophiala dermatitidis (19%), and E. jeanselmei (15%) being the predominant causative agents; notably, the proportion of E. jeanselmei declined from 18%-28% in 1976-2015 to 7% in 2016-2025. Published cases were more frequent in tropical/subtropical regions; however, cases were reported from Africa. Although 42% of infections occurred in immunocompetent individuals, transplant recipients, diabetics, and those with CARD9 deficiency showed higher risk. Deep infections exhibited substantially greater mortality than cutaneous forms (47% vs. 7%; p < 0.001); particularly, central nervous system infections (58%) and disseminated disease (53%) were involved.Conclusions\n\nThis study highlights a seemingly growing burden of Chaetothyriales infections, possibly partly due to better recognition, emphasizing the need for improved surveillance, diagnostics, and targeted prevention in high-risk populations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.",
    "Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.",
    "National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Beijing, China.",
    "Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.",
    "Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.",
    "Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, the Netherlands."
  ],
  "article_type": "systematic review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jiayi Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Huaxuan Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yalong Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ruoyu Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dallas J Smith"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Sybren de Hoog",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5344-257X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yinggai Song",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1644-6942"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54w6wh2bn0wbq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1111/myc.70234",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13717285",
  "id": "54w6wh2bn0wbq",
  "issns": [
    "0933-7407",
    "1439-0507"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952339",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Fungal Infections and Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224279126",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13717285?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13717285",
  "pmid": "42952339",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54w6wh2bn0wbq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42952339",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952339"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:21:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13717285",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.70234"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Fungal Infections and Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Between Skin and Brain: A Systematic Review of 712 Cases 1976-2025 Reveals a Highly Diverse Disease Spectrum in Chaetothyriales.",
  "title_text": "Between Skin and Brain: A Systematic Review of 712 Cases 1976-2025 Reveals a Highly Diverse Disease Spectrum in Chaetothyriales.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:21:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/54w6wh2bn0wbq",
  "venue": "Mycoses",
  "versions": []
}