{
  "abstract": "Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) and radioligand therapy have established a major clinical paradigm for prostate cancer theranostics. Their performance is influenced by interpatient and interlesional heterogeneity, treatment-related changes in PSMA expression, and physiological ligand uptake in organs such as the salivary glands and kidneys, creating a rationale for complementary targets with different lesion coverage and normal-tissue distribution. ACP3 (acid phosphatase 3; historical symbol ACPP) encodes prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is also termed prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) in older pathology literature. PAP has served as a serum biomarker, an immunohistochemical marker of prostatic origin, and an immunotherapeutic antigen. DNA-encoded library screening identified the high-affinity PAP ligand OncoACP3, and the resulting [177Lu]Lu-OncoACP3-DOTAGA radioligand and OncoACP3-GlyPro-MMAE small-molecule drug conjugate achieved target-dependent payload delivery and antitumor activity in preclinical models. First-in-human PET and subsequent pharmacokinetic and diagnostic dosimetry studies of [68Ga]Ga-OncoACP3-DOTA demonstrated visualization of localized and metastatic prostate cancer lesions and a normal-organ distribution distinct from that of PSMA-targeted ligands. This narrative review synthesizes the molecular characteristics and biological functions of PAP, historical clinical applications, and modern ACP3-targeted imaging and therapeutic platforms. Existing studies now provide a biological foundation, preclinical proof of targeted payload delivery, and early human imaging, pharmacokinetic, and diagnostic-dosimetry evidence. Prospective development should next define the ligand-accessible PAP pool, imaging-positivity criteria, therapeutic dosimetry, and the patient groups in whom ACP3 adds value to the PSMA theranostic framework.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China",
    "CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China",
    "Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China",
    "School of Future Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100190, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhilin Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Danlei Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tianyi Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Pingping Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xuejie Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Haoyuan Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhiyuan Hu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/566213z2ycmqv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18213511",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "566213z2ycmqv",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/21/3511",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/566213z2ycmqv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:32Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18213511",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/21/3511"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6694",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "ACP3 Theranostics in Prostate Cancer",
  "title_text": "ACP3 Theranostics in Prostate Cancer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/566213z2ycmqv",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}