{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Inflammation is implicated in Parkinson disease (PD), but the prognostic value of circulating cytokines beyond clinical information remains incompletely defined.\n\nMethods: We studied cytokines measured in polymer-precipitated plasma extracellular vesicle (EV)-enriched preparations in a longitudinal cohort of 62 participants with PD; 21 healthy controls contributed baseline descriptive data. Fifteen cytokines were assessed using multiplex immunoassays. Contemporaneous cytokine -clinical score associations were examined using covariate-adjusted generalized estimating equations (GEE) with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Prediction analyses used 147 consecutive follow-up intervals, with worsening defined as an increase of at least three points in the original Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III. ON-medication status for motor examinations was confirmed by patient report; exact dose-to-assessment intervals were not recorded. Clinical-only, cytokine-only and combined radial basis function support vector machine (RBF-SVM) models were compared using participant-grouped nested cross-validation.\n\nResults: Eight of 105 cytokine-by-visit interactions met the FDR threshold after adjustment including baseline disease duration. Clinical-only, cytokine-only and combined pooled out-of-fold areas under the curve (AUCs) were 0.733, 0.722 and 0.784, respectively. The combined-minus-clinical AUC difference was 0.051 (95% confidence interval −0.009 to 0.112). At the five-point sensitivity threshold, the corresponding AUCs were 0.743, 0.675 and 0.790, with a difference of 0.047 (−0.023 to 0.112).\n\nDiscussion: Cytokines in EV-enriched preparations showed visit-dependent clinical associations and numerically higher discrimination when combined with clinical predictors within the RBF-SVM framework. Independent validation and matched conventional plasma measurements are needed to determine clinical usefulness and preparation-specific value.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital",
    "Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University",
    "Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University",
    "Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne",
    "Melbourne Brain Centre for Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chien-Tai Hong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yi-Chen Hsieh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lung Chan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wei-Ting Chiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chin-Hsuan Sophie Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chen-Chih Chung"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/56y0p2zhn70dr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732178/",
  "id": "56y0p2zhn70dr",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223084438",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732178",
  "pmid": "42984833",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/56y0p2zhn70dr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:13Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13732178",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1973023"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Longitudinal cytokines in plasma extracellular vesicle enriched preparations and motor worsening in Parkinson disease",
  "title_text": "Longitudinal cytokines in plasma extracellular vesicle enriched preparations and motor worsening in Parkinson disease",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/56y0p2zhn70dr",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}