{
  "abstract": "Binder-free cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) thin films were grown directly on copper foil by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) using nominal Fe or Mg additions of 1, 3 and 5 at% relative to Cu. The films are denoted by modifier and nominal loading as Fe1, Fe3 and Fe5, and Mg1, Mg3 and Mg5, with the unmodified film written as pristine Cu₂O. Composition-matched electrodes were assembled into symmetric devices with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based LiCl/KOH gel electrolyte. X-ray diffraction shows a cuprite-dominant Cu₂O phase throughout both series, together with a composition-dependent shift of the (111) reflection and a corresponding change in coherent-domain size. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy shows compact granular Fe-modified films, whereas Mg modification produces a stronger evolution of particle size and surface architecture, culminating in an open agglomerated texture at Mg5. At 0.5 mA cm⁻², Fe1 and Mg1 deliver device areal capacitances of 129 and 80 mF cm⁻² against 12 mF cm⁻² for pristine Cu₂O, with fitted charge-transfer resistances of 759 and 18.5 Ω against (3.9 ± 0.7) × 10⁴ Ω for the unmodified film. The lowest charge-transfer resistances of the series belong to Mg1 and Fe5 rather than to the two highest-capacitance devices, and the Warburg coefficient falls by four orders of magnitude on modification. After 10 000 cycles all seven devices retain 95-99% of their capacitance, while coulombic efficiency remains strongly composition-dependent, from 61% for Mg1 to 97% for Fe5 and Mg3. Scan-rate current deconvolution assigns 59-94% of the stored charge to the surface-controlled term. Low-level Fe and Mg modification therefore tunes Cu₂O through distinct, non-monotonic combinations of interfacial kinetics, ion transport, redox accessibility and film morphology, and no single descriptor ranks the seven compositions in the same order.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Mardan 23200 Pakistan majidkhan@awkum.edu.pk.",
    "Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zikra Javed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maria Bibi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yousra Noor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Inam Ullah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haseeb Jamal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Farooq Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rahat Shah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tarfah Al-Warhi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Baseena Sardar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Majid Khan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6998-021X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58f6q3nstgywh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra08981j",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13639874",
  "id": "58f6q3nstgywh",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42840527",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2504|Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220670044",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13639874?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13639874",
  "pmid": "42840527",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58f6q3nstgywh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42840527",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42840527"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2504|Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fe- and Mg-modified binder-free Cu₂O thin films for solid-state symmetric supercapacitors: composition-dependent structure-electrochemical property relationships.",
  "title_text": "Fe- and Mg-modified binder-free Cu₂O thin films for solid-state symmetric supercapacitors: composition-dependent structure-electrochemical property relationships.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58f6q3nstgywh",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}