{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Evidence for adjunctive intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in sepsis remains conflicting. This study evaluated the association of IgM- and IgA-enriched polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin (IgGAM) therapy with clinical outcomes, including post hoc analyses according to initial empiric antibiotic therapy (IEAT) appropriateness. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study included 50 adults with sepsis or septic shock according to Sepsis-3 criteria, treated between November 2006 and March 2010. Twenty-five patients received adjunctive IgGAM plus standard sepsis management, and 25 received standard management alone. Primary outcomes were 28-day intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, overall ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. Results: Overall, 28-day ICU mortality was 28.0% with IgGAM and 32.0% with control (relative risk, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–2.05; p = 0.758); other mortality outcomes did not differ significantly. Kaplan–Meier survival distributions also did not differ significantly (log-rank p = 0.208). During the ICU stay, vasopressor therapy was required in 68% of the IgGAM group and 92% of the control group (p = 0.034); corresponding study day 1 requirements were 60% and 76% (p = 0.225). In the complete-case longitudinal analysis (IgGAM group, n = 20; control group, n = 25), SOFA scores decreased significantly over time within the IgGAM group (p = 0.017), whereas no significant within-group change was observed in the control group (p = 0.616). In the post hoc appropriate-IEAT subgroup, 28-day ICU mortality was 0.0% versus 36.8% (p = 0.026), in-hospital mortality was 25.0% versus 63.2% (p = 0.038), and Kaplan–Meier survival distributions differed significantly (log-rank p = 0.004). The 60-day restricted mean survival time was 58.1 versus 38.4 days, with a difference of 19.8 days (95% CI, 11.1–28.4). Conclusions: Adjunctive IgGAM therapy was not associated with significant differences in mortality overall. Findings in the post hoc appropriate-IEAT subgroup were hypothesis-generating and should be interpreted cautiously given potential selection bias, residual confounding, and multiple comparisons. Prospective evaluation within optimized sepsis care is warranted.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06230 Ankara, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hakan Yılmaz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9978-6370"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Melek Tulunay"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ali Abbas Yılmaz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58ke61rxyt42j.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15197731",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "58ke61rxyt42j",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7731",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221123512",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58ke61rxyt42j.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:00Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15197731",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7731"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "IgM- and IgA-Enriched Polyclonal Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Sepsis: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study",
  "title_text": "IgM- and IgA-Enriched Polyclonal Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Sepsis: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/58ke61rxyt42j",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}