{
  "abstract": "Research on broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has significantly improved our understanding of its introduction and dispersal across Europe during the second millennium BCE. However, its arrival into regions such as Southeastern Europe and Anatolia remains poorly understood. In the present study, we combine directly AMS-dated archaeobotanical millet grains with published stable carbon isotope data to investigate the chronology and dispersal routes of millet into Europe. The study integrates 70 radiocarbon dates obtained from charred millet grains, including 16 newly generated AMS dates, and re-evaluates previously published data using Bayesian chronological modeling. An extensive stable carbon isotopic dataset from human and animal remains is integrated in this review. The results confirm that the earliest secure evidence for millet in Europe currently derives from the western Pontic Steppe, while subsequent appearances are synchronously documented in the Carpathian Basin, Southeastern Europe, and the Caucasus. In contrast, archaeobotanical and isotopic evidence from Anatolia consistently supports a later introduction of millet in this region. These results reveal millet dispersal pathways into Europe and highlight the importance of direct radiocarbon dating and interdisciplinary approaches to study prehistoric crop dispersal and dietary practices.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-70250-w.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania",
    "Keble College, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PG UK",
    "School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG UK",
    "Leibniz-Zentrum Für Archäologie, Schloss Gottorf, Schlossinsel 1, 24837 Schleswig, Germany",
    "Leibniz Laboratory for AMS Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Max-Eyth-Strasse 11–13, 24118 Kiel, Germany",
    "ICArEHB, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal",
    "DAE Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany",
    "LIRA Laboratory, Department of Archaeology, School of History and Archaeology and PlantCult Lab CIRI, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece",
    "Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK",
    "School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia",
    "The Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia",
    "Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia",
    "Center for Prehistoric Research-Skopje, Goce Delčev University, Shtip, North Macedonia",
    "Ephorate of Antiquities of Pieria, Greek Ministry of Culture, Katerini, Greece",
    "BioArch, CNRS–MNHN–Inrap, UMR 7209, CP 56, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France",
    "National Archaeological Institute With Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Kyriaki Karanikola",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-5743-8898"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Margaux L. C. Depaermentier"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tom Maltas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "John Meadows"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dragana Filipović"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Soultana-Maria Valamoti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Michael Kempf"
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    {
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      "name": "Andrew Fairbairn"
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    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Michaela Vychronová"
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    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Goce Naumov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Sophia Koulidou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Clémence Pagnoux"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Hanna Aleksandrova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Tzvetana Popova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Giedrė Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5988jbc5tzhmx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-70250-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713580/",
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  "language": "en",
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  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-70250-w_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13713580",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5988jbc5tzhmx.ris",
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      "subfield": "evolutionary-biology"
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  "title": "The initial pathways of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) into Europe based on AMS dates and stable carbon isotope data",
  "title_text": "The initial pathways of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) into Europe based on AMS dates and stable carbon isotope data",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T14:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/5988jbc5tzhmx",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
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}